IB Design Technology Topic C2.1: Design for Sustainability Key Definitions

A circular economy is an economic model where resources are kept in use for as long as possible, extracting maximum value during their life, and then recovering and regenerating products and materials at the end of their life cycle.

The product is made from natural or recyclable materials that can be safely returned to the environment or reused in a closed-loop system, without creating waste.

Designing a product so it can be easily and cost-effectively taken apart, allowing components to be reused or repaired and materials to be recycled.

The product is designed to use minimal energy and materials during production and use, aiming for a significant improvement in efficiency (e.g. by a factor of 4 or more).

The product is non-toxic throughout its life cycle—safe to use, dispose of, and manufacture, without harming people or ecosystems.

The product is made under fair, ethical, and just conditions, supporting the well-being of workers and local communities involved in sourcing and production.

The product is designed to be powered by renewable energy, such as solar, wind, or hydro, during both manufacture and use, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

In design, sustainability means creating products and systems that minimise negative impacts on the environment, human health, and well-being, while promoting long-term resource efficiency and responsible use.

An expanded framework for measuring organisational success that includes three key areas: economic (profit), environmental (planet), and social (people). It encourages businesses to balance financial performance with environmental responsibility and social equity.