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Bending (force)
A load applied at a distance from a fixed point, causing a material to bend.
Cantilever Beam
A rigid structure that is fixed on one end and extends horizontally without support on the other.
Column
An upright pillar typically used to support beams in structures.
Composite Material
A material comprised of two or more materials to improve their physical,
mechanical and chemical properties and/or aesthetics characteristics.
Compression (force)
A force that squeezes a material or causes it to shorten.
Continuously Supported Beam
A beam that is supported at more than two points along its length.
Dynamic Force
A moving force acting on structures, often caused by wind, vehicles, or other external motion.
Equilibrium (force)
A state of balance where equal and opposite forces act on a system.
Fixed Beam
A member in a structure that is fixed on both ends to supports.
Forces
Factors affecting strength when compressing, pushing, pulling, twisting, or squeezing an object.
Fracture Point
The point where a material breaks after reaching its stress and strain limits, beyond elastic and plastic deformation.
Frame Structure
A structure made of beams and columns that can support its own weight without needing an outer shell.
Lamination
Covering a material’s surface with a thin sheet using adhesion for protection, durability, stiffness, or aesthetic purposes.
Load-bearing design
The process of designing structures to support forces and loads without failing.
Safety Factor (SF)
The ratio of the maximum load a structure can bear to its expected load.
Shear (force)
Two equal and opposite forces acting on an object that are not aligned, creating a cutting effect.
Shell Structure
A 3D hollow structure with thin walls relative to its overall size.
Simply Supported Beam
A beam that is supported at either end.
Solid Structure
A structure with few or no internal spaces that resists shape change when under load.
Stability
The ability of a structure to maintain its shape and position under load.
Static Force
A stationary force acting on a structure, including its own weight and the load it carries.
Strain
The change in length of a material divided by its original length, caused by stress.
Stress
A force applied to a material divided by its cross-sectional area. Measured in Pascals (Pa).
Stress-strain graph
A visual representation of how a material responds to a load.