IB Chemistry Topic R3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Chemistry Topic R3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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The General Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution

At its core, a nucleophilic substitution reaction involves an electron-rich species, called the nucleophile (Nu⁻), donating a pair of electrons to an electron-deficient carbon atom in a substrate molecule, R-X.
This carbon is bonded to a leaving group, X, which gets displaced during the reaction.
The general equation for this reaction is: $$
\text{Nu}^- + \text{R-X} \longrightarrow \text{R-Nu} + \text{X}^-
$$
Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of what happens:
1. Nucleophilic Attack:
  1. The nucleophile uses its lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond with the carbon atom in the substrate.
2. Bond Breaking:

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The General Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution

At its core, a nucleophilic substitution reaction involves an electron-rich species, called the nucleophile (Nu⁻), donating a pair of electrons to an electron-deficient carbon atom in a substrate molecule, R-X.
This carbon is bonded to a leaving group, X, which gets displaced during the reaction.
The general equation for this reaction is: $$
\text{Nu}^- + \text{R-X} \longrightarrow \text{R-Nu} + \text{X}^-
$$
Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of what happens:
1. Nucleophilic Attack:
  1. The nucleophile uses its lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond with the carbon atom in the substrate.
2. Bond Breaking:

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Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

IB Chemistry R3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Notes

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

The General Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution

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The General Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution

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