IB Chemistry Topic R3.4.1 Nucleophiles Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Chemistry Topic R3.4.1 Nucleophiles Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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What is a Nucleophile?

Definition

Nucleophile

A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. The term “nucleophile” originates from the Greek words nucleus (meaning core) and philos (meaning loving), indicating its affinity for positively charged or electron-deficient centers.

Key Features of Nucleophiles:

Electron-rich nature: Nucleophiles possess a high electron density, often due to lone pairs of electrons or a negative charge.
Ability to donate electrons: They have lone pairs or $\pi$-electrons available for bonding.
Attraction to electrophiles: Nucleophiles are drawn to electron-deficient species, such as positively charged ions or atoms with partial positive charges.

Example

Negatively charged species: Hydroxide ion $OH^-$, cyanide ion $CN^-$, halide ions $Cl^-$, $Br^-$, $I^-$, and hydrosulfide ion $HS^-$.
Neutral molecules: Ammonia $NH_3$, water $H_2O$, and methylamine $CH_3NH_2$.

Example

The hydroxide ion $OH^-$ is a classic nucleophile.
It has three lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom, making it highly electron-rich and ready to donate an electron pair to an electrophile.

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What is a Nucleophile?

Definition

Nucleophile

Key Features of Nucleophiles:

Electron-rich nature: Nucleophiles possess a high electron density, often due to lone pairs of electrons or a negative charge.
Ability to donate electrons: They have lone pairs or $\pi$-electrons available for bonding.
Attraction to electrophiles: Nucleophiles are drawn to electron-deficient species, such as positively charged ions or atoms with partial positive charges.

Example

Negatively charged species: Hydroxide ion $OH^-$, cyanide ion $CN^-$, halide ions $Cl^-$, $Br^-$, $I^-$, and hydrosulfide ion $HS^-$.
Neutral molecules: Ammonia $NH_3$, water $H_2O$, and methylamine $CH_3NH_2$.

Example

The hydroxide ion $OH^-$ is a classic nucleophile.
It has three lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom, making it highly electron-rich and ready to donate an electron pair to an electrophile.

Definition

Paywall

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

IB Chemistry R3.4.1 Nucleophiles Notes

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

What is a Nucleophile?

Key Features of Nucleophiles:

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What is a Nucleophile?

Key Features of Nucleophiles:

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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