IB Biology Topic D3.3.4 Physiological Changes That Form the Basis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Biology Topic D3.3.4 Physiological Changes That Form the Basis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Diabetes: When Blood Glucose Regulation Breaks Down

Normally, insulin from the pancreas signals cells to take up glucose, keeping blood glucose within a narrow range.
In diabetes this control fails, so blood glucose stays consistently high, even during fasting.
There are two main types, and they fail in different ways: type 1 is too little insulin, while type 2 is cells no longer responding to it.

Note

Untreated high blood glucose damages blood vessels and nerves over time.
This is why diabetes is defined by how the body handles glucose, not by a single symptom.

Type 1 Diabetes: The Immune System Destroys Insulin-Producing Cells

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas.
With few beta cells left, the pancreas can no longer make enough insulin, so it is called insulin-dependent diabetes.
Without insulin, glucose stays in the blood and rises unchecked, causing hyperglycaemia.
It often appears early in life, so it is sometimes called early-onset diabetes.

Causes and Risk Factors of Type 1

Autoimmune response: the immune system mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing beta cells.
Genetic susceptibility: certain genes raise the chance of developing type 1 diabetes.
Environmental triggers: viral infections or other factors may set off the immune attack.

Common Mistake

Type 1 diabetes is not caused by diet, weight, or inactivity.
Do not confuse its autoimmune cause with the lifestyle links of type 2.

Treatment and Management of Type 1

Insulin therapy: patients need regular insulin injections or an insulin pump to replace the missing hormone.
Monitoring: frequent blood glucose testing guides how much insulin to give.
Emerging treatments: research is exploring stem cell therapy to regrow beta cells and artificial pancreas systems.

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IB Biology Topic D3.3.4: Physiological Changes That Form the Basis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Notes

Diabetes: When Blood Glucose Regulation Breaks Down

Type 1 Diabetes: The Immune System Destroys Insulin-Producing Cells

Causes and Risk Factors of Type 1

Treatment and Management of Type 1

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Diabetes: When Blood Glucose Regulation Breaks Down

Type 1 Diabetes: The Immune System Destroys Insulin-Producing Cells

Causes and Risk Factors of Type 1

Treatment and Management of Type 1

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

IB Biology Topic D3.3.4: Physiological Changes That Form the Basis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Notes

Diabetes: When Blood Glucose Regulation Breaks Down

Type 1 Diabetes: The Immune System Destroys Insulin-Producing Cells

Causes and Risk Factors of Type 1

Treatment and Management of Type 1

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Diabetes: When Blood Glucose Regulation Breaks Down

Type 1 Diabetes: The Immune System Destroys Insulin-Producing Cells

Causes and Risk Factors of Type 1

Treatment and Management of Type 1

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics