Notes for D3.3.3 Regulation of blood glucose as an example of the role of hormones in homeostasis - IB | RevisionDojo
D3.3.3 Regulation of blood glucose as an example of the role of hormones in homeostasis Notes
Blood Glucose Regulation: Insulin and Glucagon Maintain Balance
Blood glucose levels must be carefully regulated to maintain homeostasis.
Two hormones, insulin and glucagon, work in opposition to keep blood glucose levels within a narrow, healthy range.
These hormones are produced by the pancreas and act on target cells throughout the body.
The Pancreas Detects and Responds to Glucose Changes
The pancreas serves as both a sensor and responder in regulating blood glucose.
Dual Function of the Pancreas:
Exocrine Function: Produces digestive enzymes to aid in digestion.
Endocrine Function: Contains islets of Langerhans, which house two types of cells:
Alpha Cells: which secrete glucagon to increase blood glucose.
Beta Cells: which secrete insulin to decrease blood glucose.
Negative Feedback Loop Maintains Balance
Blood glucose regulation relies on negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.
High Blood Glucose (after eating):
Beta cells detect high glucose and secrete insulin.
Insulin causes cells to absorb glucose and the liver to store glucose as glycogen.
Blood glucose levels decrease.
As glucose returns to normal, insulin secretion stops (negative feedback).
Low Blood Glucose (between meals):
Alpha cells detect low glucose and secrete glucagon.
Glucagon causes the liver to break down glycogen and produce glucose.
Blood glucose levels increase.
As glucose returns to normal, glucagon secretion stops (negative feedback).
Tip
Insulin and glucagon work in opposition to maintain blood glucose balance.
Insulin lowers it, glucagon raises it.
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What happens to glucose in the liver and muscles when insulin is released?
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Note
The human body maintains a stable internal environment through a process called homeostasis. One crucial aspect of homeostasis is regulating blood glucose levels, which provide energy for our cells.
Homeostasis is like a thermostat that keeps your house at a constant temperature, adjusting heating or cooling as needed.
Blood glucose levels are tightly controlled between 4-6 mmol/L (millimoles per liter) in healthy individuals.
Glucose is the primary energy source for our cells, especially the brain.
AnalogyThink of blood glucose regulation like a car's cruise control system, which adjusts the throttle to maintain a constant speed.
DefinitionHomeostasisThe maintenance of a stable internal environment within narrow limits despite external changes.
DefinitionBlood Glucose LevelsThe concentration of glucose in the blood, measured in mmol/L.
