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Bivariate data
Data consisting of pairs of values $(x, y)$ where two quantitative variables are measured for each case.
Correlation
A measure of the association between two variables, describing whether they tend to increase together, decrease together, or show no consistent pattern.
Covariance
A measure of how two variables vary together, based on the products of their deviations from their means.
Extrapolation
Estimating a value outside the range of the collected data.
Interpolation
Estimating a value within the range of the collected data.
Line of best fit
A straight line drawn through the middle of a scatter plot so that points are (roughly) evenly distributed above and below it, used to model and predict relationships.
Outlier
A data value that lies an unusually large distance from the rest of the data set.
Scatter diagram
A graph of paired (bivariate) data points plotted on an $x$-$y$ plane to investigate the relationship between two variables.