Operationalization of Variables
Definition
Operationalization
The process of defining an abstract concept in terms of specific, observable, and measurable variables.
- In psychology, researchers often study abstract concepts like stress, aggression, or happiness.
- These concepts are not directly observable, so researchers need a way to measure them.
Imagine you want to measure how "fun" a party is. You can't directly observe "fun," but you could measure:
- The number of smiles per minute.
- The volume of laughter.
- The number of people dancing.
Why Operationalization Matters
- Clarity: Ensures that everyone understands what is being studied.
- Replicability: Allows other researchers to repeat the study using the same definitions.
- Objectivity: Reduces bias by providing clear criteria for measurement.
In Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment, aggression was operationalized as:
- Physical aggression: Hitting or kicking the Bobo doll.
- Verbal aggression: Shouting aggressive phrases like "Sock him!"
How to Operationalize Variables
Define the Concept
- Start by clearly defining the abstract concept you want to study.
Stress: A psychological state characterized by feelings of tension and anxiety.
Identify Observable Indicators
- Determine what behaviors or physiological responses represent the concept.
Stress: Increased heart rate, elevated cortisol levels, self-reported anxiety.
