Notes for Political instability in China - IB | RevisionDojo
Political instability in China Notes
Political instability in China
Qing Dynasty
1. Chinese Empire
The Chinese Empire had been ruled by dynasties for centuries.
But during the 19th C they suffered a series of military defeats resulting in foreign countries exploiting it.
This in turn undermined the dynastic rule until in 1911 the last dynasty, the Qing/Manchu was dethroned and China became a Republic.
Note
There are two systems to transliterateChinese characters into English: Pinyin and Wade-Giles.
That is why in different books you can find the same concept or name written in such a different way.
For example, Qing and Manchu are two transliterations of the same name of the dynasty.
Both are accepted and both versions will appear in your Paper 1, so don’t worry!
Qing Dynasty
2. Guomindang (GMD)/Kuomintang (KMT)
The Guomindang (GMD)/Kuomintang (KMT) was the party that took down the Qing
But they were unable to unite China and the territory got split into regional political units led by strong and personalistic individuals.
This was the Warlord Era (1916-1927).
In 1926-1927 the Northern Expedition, aimed at defeating the warlords and unifying China.
The expedition was led by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) and, by the end of 1927, he had established a new Nationalist government based in Nanjing.
Note
The unification of China is a very complex process, and it involves the key input of the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao and oscillating relations with the USSR.
These topics will be discussed in depth for Paper 2 topic 10: Authoritarian States.
For Paper 1, we will focus on the role this political instability had for the Japanese-Chinese relations.
Chiang Kai-shek
3. Manchuria
In Manchuria the situation was different, and very volatile.
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Note
The Fragmentation of China: Warlordism and Weak Central Authority
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, China entered a period of severe political fragmentation.
The central government in Beijing was weak and unable to exert control over the provinces.
Regional warlords, each with their own armies, ruled large parts of the country, often engaging in conflicts with one another.
NoteThis period of warlordism (1916–1928) left China politically unstable and economically weakened, making it vulnerable to foreign intervention.
