IB History Topic Key Groups: the African National Congress Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Key Groups: the African National Congress Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC)

The ANC was the most fundamental anti apartheid group in South Africa,
This was both because of its history of resistance against oppression, its charismatic leaders and its integrationist and overall peaceful approach to the fight against apartheid, that made them more appealing to non whites in South Africa and abroad.

Timeline of events

The ANC was founded as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912 in Bloemfontein, formed by Black professionals like John Dube, Pixley Seme, and Solomon Plaatje, in response to Black exclusion following the 1910 Union of South Africa.
The early SANNC pursued moderate, constitutional methods, petitioning the British government for racial equality, believing in British values of justice and liberalism-efforts which failed to yield meaningful results.
Between 1913 and 1919 delegations of the SANNC protested laws like the 1913 Natives Land Act but were dismissed by British leaders, including Prime Minister Lloyd George, who advised them to negotiate with local authorities-highlighting British unwillingness to intervene.

Note

Why were the blacks able to organize politically?
- The Union of South Africa increasingly marginalized black South Africans, but in 1910 they were not completely disenfranchised.
- In the Cape Colony, some Black and Coloured men could still vote if they met property and literacy qualifications, under the “Cape Qualified Franchise” system.
- Missionary schools with liberal Christian values had rendered a class of educated black South Africans.
- The leaders of the SANNC had the education, language skills, and networks to organize politically and appeal to British liberal ideals.

Common Mistake

In sources, you will see that the SANNC (and then the ANC) is referred to sometimes as “political party”. Nevertheless, that term is not fully accurate.
The South African Native National Congress (SANNC) was a political organization. It was not a party in the Western democratic sense, as they couldn’t field candidates or participate in formal elections, since Black South Africans were largely excluded from the political system by that point.
The 1910 Union of South Africa Act created a whites-only parliament at the national level. Only in the Cape Province could a small number of Black and Coloured men vote but:
- They couldn’t vote as part of a Black party.
- There were no Black candidates allowed for Parliament.
So, the SANNC worked outside the formal political system, trying to influence it through petitions, speeches, newspapers, and delegations.
Its focus was on petitioning, lobbying, and diplomacy, not electoral politics.

Early Challenges and Criticisms of the ANC in the 1920s

The ANC was formally created in 1923, became increasingly inactive and elitist, especially during the economic hardship of the Great Depression, and lost support among the urban Black working class.
The accusation of being elitist and not catering for the grassroots masses of poor and disenfranchised blacks will be a constant in the criticism that the ANC will receive throughout its history.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC)

The ANC was the most fundamental anti apartheid group in South Africa,
This was both because of its history of resistance against oppression, its charismatic leaders and its integrationist and overall peaceful approach to the fight against apartheid, that made them more appealing to non whites in South Africa and abroad.

Timeline of events

The ANC was founded as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912 in Bloemfontein, formed by Black professionals like John Dube, Pixley Seme, and Solomon Plaatje, in response to Black exclusion following the 1910 Union of South Africa.
The early SANNC pursued moderate, constitutional methods, petitioning the British government for racial equality, believing in British values of justice and liberalism-efforts which failed to yield meaningful results.
Between 1913 and 1919 delegations of the SANNC protested laws like the 1913 Natives Land Act but were dismissed by British leaders, including Prime Minister Lloyd George, who advised them to negotiate with local authorities-highlighting British unwillingness to intervene.

Note

Why were the blacks able to organize politically?
- The Union of South Africa increasingly marginalized black South Africans, but in 1910 they were not completely disenfranchised.
- In the Cape Colony, some Black and Coloured men could still vote if they met property and literacy qualifications, under the “Cape Qualified Franchise” system.
- Missionary schools with liberal Christian values had rendered a class of educated black South Africans.
- The leaders of the SANNC had the education, language skills, and networks to organize politically and appeal to British liberal ideals.

Common Mistake

In sources, you will see that the SANNC (and then the ANC) is referred to sometimes as “political party”. Nevertheless, that term is not fully accurate.
The South African Native National Congress (SANNC) was a political organization. It was not a party in the Western democratic sense, as they couldn’t field candidates or participate in formal elections, since Black South Africans were largely excluded from the political system by that point.
The 1910 Union of South Africa Act created a whites-only parliament at the national level. Only in the Cape Province could a small number of Black and Coloured men vote but:
- They couldn’t vote as part of a Black party.
- There were no Black candidates allowed for Parliament.
So, the SANNC worked outside the formal political system, trying to influence it through petitions, speeches, newspapers, and delegations.
Its focus was on petitioning, lobbying, and diplomacy, not electoral politics.

Early Challenges and Criticisms of the ANC in the 1920s

The ANC was formally created in 1923, became increasingly inactive and elitist, especially during the economic hardship of the Great Depression, and lost support among the urban Black working class.
The accusation of being elitist and not catering for the grassroots masses of poor and disenfranchised blacks will be a constant in the criticism that the ANC will receive throughout its history.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Key Groups: the African National Congress Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC)

Timeline of events

Early Challenges and Criticisms of the ANC in the 1920s

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC)

Timeline of events

Early Challenges and Criticisms of the ANC in the 1920s

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account