Key individuals: Albert Luthuli
- Albert Luthuli became the first major international figure of the South African liberation movement, gaining global recognition when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961, which spotlighted the ANC’s cause.
- He was a preacher in the Methodist Church, where he integrated faith with activism, emphasizing moral integrity and peaceful resistance.
- His Christian beliefs shaped his steadfast commitment to non-violent protest, viewing it not just as a strategy but as a moral imperative rooted in his understanding of justice, compassion, and human dignity.
- Before becoming the president of the ANC in 1952, Luthuli served as the elected chief of his rural Zulu community in Groutville, KwaZulu-Natal.
- His leadership there demonstrated his strong commitment to justice, education, and community development.
- During his presidency of the ANC, he launched the Defiance Campaign.
- His firm commitment to non-violent protest earned the support of liberal white South Africans and helped raise international sympathy for the anti-apartheid struggle.
Example
Two examples of Luthuli’s leadership during the Defiance Campaign that could be use to present his ethical integrity and concern for the anti apartheid movement:
National Conference Jeer
- At the ANC gathering in Bloemfontein in June 1952, Luthuli, who was then president of the Natal ANC, cautiously asked to delay the campaign so his province could prepare properly.
- A woman delegate shouted, “Coward! Coward!” in response. Calmly Luthuli replied: “It is better for me to express my cowardice here, I retorted, than that I should keep silent and then go away and play the coward outside.”
Pledge and Prayer in Durban
- In Durban, Luthuli gathered the Natal ANC volunteers to take the official pledge of nonviolent resistance.
- Before committing, he led them in prayer (“unless we are sure of the road… we have no right to call other people along it”) to emphasize that he was morally prepared to face imprisonment alongside them.
Controversy
- Even when there is consensus regarding the spiritual and symbolic role Luthuli played in the anti apartheid movement, his figure is also very controversial.
- After the Defiance Campaign and its limited impact, part of the ANC and some groups in the anti apartheid movement in general started criticizing the non violent approach towards the issue.
- In that sense, Luthuli was blamed for insisting on a peaceful and integration approach in a context of brutal and systematic repression.
- Nevertheless, this perspective overlooks the fact that the apartheid regime consistently restricted Luthuli’s movements with repeated banning orders, effectively silencing him.
Historiography
- Did non violence lose influence because of Luthuli’s insistence on deep Christian morals and his rejection of violence, or because of the government’s brutal crackdown after Sharpeville?
- Scott Couper’s assessment in Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith emphasizes that Luthuli’s commitment to Congregationalist Christian beliefs, rooted in democracy, education, multiracial unity, sacrificial service, and egalitarianism, was foundational to both his moral authority and political leadership.
- However, as the anti-apartheid movement radicalized and increasingly embraced violence, these very convictions became obstacles, sidelining him within a context requiring militancy.
- Couper documents that Luthuli maintained a principled belief in non-violence even after the ANC launched armed struggle, famously stating “non‑violence was not just a method, but The Method” .
- Yet, by refusing to endorse the use of force, while neither condemning the new armed wing, he became politically marginalised in a movement prioritizing active confrontation.
- His moral stance, once a strength, turned into ’spiritual inertia’ that contributed to his eventual obscurity in the struggle.
- For Mary Benson, Luthuli’s unwavering adherence to nonviolence and Christian values was not a weakness but as principled leadership.
- She highlights how Luthuli’s decision to lead by moral example, “prepared to travel the road and pray” alongside his followers, reinforced the credibility and legitimacy of the Defiance Campaign.
- Nevertheless, for Benson, Luthuli reluctantly accepted armed struggle (“travel the road”), a narrative later on picked up by the official narrative of the ANC.
- Couper asserts that this version of history distorts Luthuli’s true beliefs, as Luthuli never personally approved of the shift toward violent resistance, and he underlines that his pacifist convictions earned him his Nobel Peace Prize.
- Ultimately, while Luthuli became less central to ANC strategies in the 1960s, his legacy as a moral beacon and international symbol of peaceful resistance remained significant.
