Notes for Key individuals: Nelson Mandela - IB | RevisionDojo
Key individuals: Nelson Mandela Notes
Key individuals: Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela became the global face of resistance to apartheid, spending 27 years in prison before leading South Africa to democracy in 1994.
Mandela, born into Thembu royalty in 1918, attended Fort Hare University but was expelled for participating in a protest, he moved to Johannesburg, met Walter Sisulu, and began legal studies while becoming increasingly politicized.
He joined the ANC in 1944, co-founded the Youth League, and pushed for the radical Programme of Action in opposition to the ANC's older, more passive leadership style.
Self review
Re check the Defiance Campaign section, because the programme of action was the basis for that protest.
Political Career
Mandela led the Defiance Campaign as national volunteer-in-chief, organizing mass civil disobedience and rising to national prominence, during this time, he also co-founded South Africa’s first Black law firm with Oliver Tambo.
Originally an Africanist skeptical of communism, Mandela later embraced broader alliances with groups like the SACP, promoting non-racial unity through initiatives like the Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter.
This withdrawal from Africanism gained Mandela criticism towards theAfrican National Congress (ANC) for working with white, Indian, and colored groups. The critics felt this approach compromised the African struggle.
In the face of the shortcomings of the results of the Defiance Campaign, Mandela drafted the underground-focused M Plan, and remained active in campaigns against apartheid laws such as Bantu Education and forced removals like those in Sophiatown.
Note
What is Africanism?
Africanism refers to a political and ideological movement that centers African identity, self-determination, and unity as the core of liberation.
It emerged as a reaction to both colonialism and the multi-racial approach of some anti-apartheid movements.
It supports the idea of “Africa for Africans” stressing that South Africa belongs primarily to its indigenous African people, not to white settlers, nor to colonial or external influences.
Africanism promoted African history, languages, values, and identity, aiming to undo the psychological damage of white supremacy.
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Note
Early Life and Influences
Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in the village of Mvezo in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
His early life was shaped by his royal lineage as the son of a chief's counselor and his education at mission schools.
Mandela's exposure to racism and injustice during his studies at the University of Fort Hare and later in Johannesburg ignited his political consciousness.
DefinitionRoyal LineageMandela was born into the Thembu royal family, which gave him a sense of responsibility and leadership from a young age.
ExampleMandela's father was a counselor to the Thembu king, which exposed him to traditional leadership and governance.
TipWhen studying Mandela's early life, consider how his upbringing and education influenced his worldview and commitment to justice.
