IB History Topic Nature of the Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Nature of the Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Nature of the genocide and other crimes against humanity

Scale and Atrocity
1. The 1994 Rwandan genocide is regarded as one of the most horrific and systematically executed crimes against humanity in modern history.
2. Over approximately 100 days, an estimated 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered by Hutu extremists.
Definition of Genocide
1. The term “genocide” is defined under the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
2. It refers to acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
Application to Rwanda
1. In Rwanda, the intent was clear: extermination of the Tutsi population.
2. This was demonstrated through:
  1. The large scale and organization of the killings.
  2. The use of propaganda and planning by government forces.
  3. The participation of both state and non-state actors.
Unique Character of the Violence
1. The genocide was often localized, intimate, and driven by personal and communal relationships.
2. This made the violence especially devastating in scope and memory.

Note

Recognition of the Rwandan Genocide

UN and International Recognition
- The Rwandan genocide was officially recognized as a genocide by the United Nations and multiple international bodies.
- The UN formally recognized the atrocities under the 1948 Genocide Convention.
UN Security Council Resolution 955 (1994)
- The UN Security Council passed Resolution 955, which established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).
- The resolution affirmed that “genocide and other systematic, widespread, and flagrant violations of international humanitarian law” had occurred in Rwanda.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
- The ICTR was created to prosecute those responsible for the genocide.
- Its judgments repeatedly referred to the events as genocide, convicting individuals for committing, inciting, or participating.
- In 1998, the ICTR delivered the first-ever international conviction for genocide in the Jean-Paul Akayesu case.
Broader Global Recognition
- Various governments and international organizations (e.g. Human Rights Watch, the African Union, and numerous national courts) have also recognized the Rwandan genocide.
- These bodies consistently referred to the events as genocide in their reports and rulings.

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Note

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Nature of the genocide and other crimes against humanity

Scale and Atrocity
1. The 1994 Rwandan genocide is regarded as one of the most horrific and systematically executed crimes against humanity in modern history.
2. Over approximately 100 days, an estimated 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered by Hutu extremists.
Definition of Genocide
1. The term “genocide” is defined under the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
2. It refers to acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
Application to Rwanda
1. In Rwanda, the intent was clear: extermination of the Tutsi population.
2. This was demonstrated through:
  1. The large scale and organization of the killings.
  2. The use of propaganda and planning by government forces.
  3. The participation of both state and non-state actors.
Unique Character of the Violence
1. The genocide was often localized, intimate, and driven by personal and communal relationships.
2. This made the violence especially devastating in scope and memory.

Note

Recognition of the Rwandan Genocide

UN and International Recognition
- The Rwandan genocide was officially recognized as a genocide by the United Nations and multiple international bodies.
- The UN formally recognized the atrocities under the 1948 Genocide Convention.
UN Security Council Resolution 955 (1994)
- The UN Security Council passed Resolution 955, which established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).
- The resolution affirmed that “genocide and other systematic, widespread, and flagrant violations of international humanitarian law” had occurred in Rwanda.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
- The ICTR was created to prosecute those responsible for the genocide.
- Its judgments repeatedly referred to the events as genocide, convicting individuals for committing, inciting, or participating.
- In 1998, the ICTR delivered the first-ever international conviction for genocide in the Jean-Paul Akayesu case.
Broader Global Recognition
- Various governments and international organizations (e.g. Human Rights Watch, the African Union, and numerous national courts) have also recognized the Rwandan genocide.
- These bodies consistently referred to the events as genocide in their reports and rulings.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Nature of the Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Nature of the genocide and other crimes against humanity

Recognition of the Rwandan Genocide

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Nature of the genocide and other crimes against humanity

Recognition of the Rwandan Genocide

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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