Notes for Unification of Italy (1849–1871) - IB | RevisionDojo
Unification of Italy (1849–1871) Notes
Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Giuseppe Mazzini were the three most important figures of the Risorgimento, the 19th-century movement for Italian unification. Though they all sought a unified Italy, they pursued different methods and had contrasting political visions. Mazzini provided the movement's intellectual and spiritual foundation, Garibaldi was the popular military leader, and Cavour was the masterful statesman who unified Italy under a monarchy.
After 1849: The failed revolutions of 1848–49 showed Italians that unity couldn’t be achieved just through uprisings. Leaders now turned to diplomacy and stronger leadership.
Piedmont’s role: The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia became the driving force of unification. It had a modern army, a constitution, and a determined king (Victor Emmanuel II).
Cavour’s leadership: Count Cavour, Piedmont’s prime minister (from 1852), was a clever diplomat who believed Italy could only unite gradually, with help from powerful allies.
Crimean War (1854–56): Cavour sent Piedmontese troops to fight alongside Britain and France, gaining international recognition and a seat at the peace conference.
Plombières Agreement (1858): Cavour struck a secret deal with France (Napoleon III): France would help Piedmont fight Austria, and Piedmont would give France land (Nice and Savoy) in return.
War with Austria (1859): Piedmont and France defeated Austria at Magenta and Solferino. Lombardy was gained for Piedmont, but France pulled out early, leaving Venetia still under Austrian control.
Garibaldi’s “Thousand” (1860): Giuseppe Garibaldi, a revolutionary hero, led volunteers to conquer Sicily and Naples in the “Expedition of the Thousand.” His victories inspired huge popular support.
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What did the failed revolutions of 1848–49 demonstrate?
Lesson
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Note
The period following the failed revolutions of 1848-49 marked a significant shift in the approach to Italian unification. The focus moved from revolutionary uprisings to diplomatic strategies and strong leadership.
The failed revolutions demonstrated that unity couldn't be achieved through uprisings alone
Leaders began to prioritize diplomacy and strategic alliances
The need for a strong central leadership became evident
Analogy
Think of the shift from revolutions to diplomacy like changing from trying to break down a door with force to finding the right key to unlock it.
Example
After the failed revolutions, many Italian leaders started seeking alliances with powerful European nations instead of planning more uprisings.
