In 1815, Germany was not a unified nation but a collection of 39 independent states forming the German Confederation, which was established at the Congress of Vienna. This loose political association replaced the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
Congress of Vienna (1815): After Napoleon was defeated, Germany wasn’t united into one country. Instead, it was split into 39 small states called the German Confederation, with Austria in charge.
Austria’s control: Austria led the Confederation and made sure nothing changed. It wanted to stop Germans from joining together or pushing for new freedoms.
Nationalism (wanting unity): Many Germans, especially students and writers, wanted one united Germany. They remembered fighting Napoleon and celebrated at events like the Wartburg Festival in 1817.
Liberalism (wanting freedom): Liberals asked for constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of speech. They wanted rulers to share power with elected assemblies.
Metternich’s crackdown: The Austrian leader, Metternich, hated nationalism and liberalism. His Carlsbad Decrees (1819) banned clubs, censored newspapers, and spied on universities.
Zollverein (1834): Many German states (not Austria) joined a customs union that removed taxes on trade between them. This boosted the economy and gave people a taste of working together.Social changes: Industry grew in parts of Germany. Cities got bigger, the middle class wanted reforms, and workers faced poor conditions.
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