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New Economic Zones (NEZs)
Rural resettlement areas where the Vietnamese government sent urban residents after 1975. The programme aimed to reduce urban overcrowding and develop agricultural land, but conditions were often harsh and many relocations were forced.
Re-education camps
Detention facilities run by the Vietnamese Communist government after 1975. Former military personnel, civil servants, and professionals associated with the South Vietnamese regime were sent to these camps for political indoctrination and forced labour. Detentions lasted from months to over 15 years.