IB History Regional Study 8: Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs Key Definitions

The formal participation of the United States in the First World War from April 1917, supported by military deployment, industrial mobilization, finance, shipping, and an expanded federal state.

A Canadian factory or subsidiary owned by a foreign company, commonly an American firm, established to produce inside Canada's tariff-protected market.

Fundamental protections against excessive government power, including freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and fair legal process.

The cooperation of several countries in which an attack on one member is considered an attack on all members. Truman referred the Korean crisis to the UN Security Council because he believed North Korean aggression threatened this principle.

To remove rights and privileges, such as the right to vote. In Rhodesia, the white government used property and wealth restrictions to disenfranchise the Black majority.

The use of American loans, investment, banking influence, customs supervision, and financial advisers to advance United States strategic and commercial interests abroad, especially under President William Howard Taft (1909-1913).

A self-governing part of the British Empire that controlled most domestic affairs but did not initially possess full authority over foreign policy.

When women take on roles traditionally held by men (such as wartime industrial work) while also maintaining their traditional responsibilities (such as childcare and managing the household). Women in post-revolutionary Cuba and Communist China experienced this contradiction between official equality and lived reality.

An African American wartime campaign demanding victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism within the United States.

The use of trade, investment, tariffs, diplomatic pressure, naval protection, and territorial control to extend United States commercial influence abroad.

The transition from military production and wartime controls back toward civilian goods, peacetime employment, and consumer markets.

The granting of the right to vote. In the context of the suffrage movement, it refers to extending voting rights to women. In the Canadian Indigenous context, it had a different meaning: the process by which an Indigenous person gave up their legal status and rights as an Indigenous person in exchange for Canadian citizenship.

A set of beliefs that presented the extension of United States power as natural, progressive, morally justified, or necessary for national greatness.

The allocation of occupations and responsibilities according to social expectations about work considered suitable for women or men.

A state able to shape political, military, economic, and diplomatic outcomes beyond its immediate region through sustained influence and international commitments.

The United States policy associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt that emphasized nonintervention, consultation, reciprocal trade, cultural diplomacy, and hemispheric cooperation in relations with Latin America.

A political system where democratic rights and participation are limited to one dominant racial or ethnic group, while other groups are excluded or oppressed. The term was used by historian George Frederickson to describe systems like late-Victorian Britain, where parliamentary democracy coexisted with imperialism and the exclusion of women and colonised peoples.

The approach of working within existing political and legal systems to achieve gender equality through legislation, litigation, and lobbying.

Mackenzie King's strategy of making a substantial contribution to the Second World War while initially restricting overseas ground commitments and avoiding compulsory overseas service.

The code name for the US government programme to build an atomic bomb during the Second World War. Led by General Leslie Groves and physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the project was centred at Los Alamos, New Mexico, and involved thousands of scientists, engineers, and support staff. It produced the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

The process by which institutions and dominant groups restrict a community's access to rights, security, political influence, resources, or social recognition.

A state without superpower-level military strength that seeks influence through alliances, diplomacy, multilateral institutions, mediation, aid, and specialised international contributions.

Woodrow Wilson's claim that United States foreign policy should support constitutional government, democracy, lawful rule, and national self-determination rather than rely primarily on force or private financial interest.

A system in which permanent military, intelligence, diplomatic, and executive institutions play a central role in government even outside declared wartime.