Notes for State, national and local governments, and agencies - IB | RevisionDojo
State, national and local governments, and agencies Notes
State, National, and Local Governments, and Agencies
National governments prioritize development to ensure legitimacy, stability, and improved living standards. Development aims differ by country:
US: job creation and economic growth.
China: high-quality socialist development.
South Africa: education, healthcare, infrastructure.
Governments address:
Domestic development
Global poverty reduction
GovernmentsCase study
China: Economic Growth vs. Developmental Costs
Background
Since 1978: avg. 9% GDP growth/year
Over 800 million lifted out of poverty (largest in history)
Growth driven by:
High investment
Export-led manufacturing
Low-cost labour
Developmental Costs
Environmental degradation:
Severe air & water pollution
High greenhouse gas emissions
Damage from carbon-intensive industries
Human rights concerns:
Labour exploitation
Unsafe working conditions
Excessive overtime, exposure to harmful chemicals
Key Insight
Demonstrates trade-offs between:
Economic growth
Social justice
Environmental sustainability
Raises concerns about the long-term sustainability and ethics of growth-first models
Other State & National Approaches to Development
Wellbeing Economy Governments (WEGo) – e.g. Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Bhutan
Focus on social, political, environmental, and human development rather than GDP.
Strategies include:
Finland: Health literacy taught in schools
Italy: Climate education made compulsory (ages 3–19)
Bhutan: Uses Gross National Happiness as a development measure
Note
Development priorities vary by state, not all focus on economic growth alone.
International Development & Poverty Reduction
States also contribute externally via international development aid:
US: $32 billion (2024 budget) for USAID
EU: Over €50 billion annually
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Questions
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Question 1
Recap question
In a politically sensitive region where the government restricts reporting on human rights abuses, which type of organisation is best positioned to document and expose such abuses?
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Note
Introduction to Government Structures
Governments operate at different levels: national, state, and local.
Each level has distinct responsibilities and powers.
The structure of government varies by country, but the basic principles remain similar.
DefinitionFederal System
A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces).
Example
In the United States, the federal government handles national defense, while state governments manage education policies.
Analogy
Think of government levels like a layered cake, where each layer has its own flavor (responsibilities) but together they form a complete dessert (governance).
