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Resilience of a system
Resilience is a system’s ability to resist disturbances, recover, and maintain stability instead of reaching a tipping point that leads to a new equilibrium.
Urban area
An urban area is a built-up region characterized by high population density, extensive infrastructure, and concentrated human activities.
Urban system
An urban area viewed as an interconnected system of buildings, microclimate, transport, goods and services, power, water and sewage, humans, plants, and animals, linked by flows of energy, matter, and information and by stores that hold resources.