IB Environmental systems and societies Topic 8.2A Urban Systems Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Environmental systems and societies Topic 8.2A Urban Systems Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Urban Systems: A City Runs on the Same Storages and Flows as Any Ecosystem

An urban ecosystem works like any other ecosystem, but human activity dominates its biotic and abiotic components.

Components of Urban Ecosystems

Biotic components (living organisms)
1. Plants: trees, shrubs, and grass supply oxygen, cut pollution, and cool the air.
2. Animals: birds, insects, rodents, pets, and urban wildlife such as foxes and raccoons.
3. Humans: the dominant species, shaping and modifying the whole environment.
4. Microorganisms: bacteria and fungi that decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients.
Abiotic components (non-living factors)
1. Soil: often altered by construction, pollution, and erosion, which affects plant growth.
2. Water: rivers, lakes, and reservoirs plus artificial sources like fountains and drains.
3. Air: pollution from vehicles and industry lowers air quality and harms health.
4. Climate: cities run hotter because of the urban heat island effect, where concrete and asphalt absorb and hold heat.
5. Topography: elevation and slope shape drainage, vegetation, and planning.

Urban Areas: Characteristics and Classification

Definition

Urban area

An urban area is a built-up region characterized by high population density, extensive infrastructure, and concentrated human activities.

Characteristics of Urban Areas

Urban areas serve residential, cultural, commercial, industrial, and social functions.

High population density: far more people per square kilometre than rural areas.
Dense infrastructure: roads, buildings, transport networks, and utilities such as power and water.

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Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Urban Systems: A City Runs on the Same Storages and Flows as Any Ecosystem

An urban ecosystem works like any other ecosystem, but human activity dominates its biotic and abiotic components.

Components of Urban Ecosystems

Biotic components (living organisms)
1. Plants: trees, shrubs, and grass supply oxygen, cut pollution, and cool the air.
2. Animals: birds, insects, rodents, pets, and urban wildlife such as foxes and raccoons.
3. Humans: the dominant species, shaping and modifying the whole environment.
4. Microorganisms: bacteria and fungi that decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients.
Abiotic components (non-living factors)
1. Soil: often altered by construction, pollution, and erosion, which affects plant growth.
2. Water: rivers, lakes, and reservoirs plus artificial sources like fountains and drains.
3. Air: pollution from vehicles and industry lowers air quality and harms health.
4. Climate: cities run hotter because of the urban heat island effect, where concrete and asphalt absorb and hold heat.
5. Topography: elevation and slope shape drainage, vegetation, and planning.

Urban Areas: Characteristics and Classification

Definition

Urban area

An urban area is a built-up region characterized by high population density, extensive infrastructure, and concentrated human activities.

Characteristics of Urban Areas

Urban areas serve residential, cultural, commercial, industrial, and social functions.

High population density: far more people per square kilometre than rural areas.
Dense infrastructure: roads, buildings, transport networks, and utilities such as power and water.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Topic 1: Foundation 3 subtopics

Topic 2: Ecology5 subtopics

Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity3 subtopics

Topic 4: Water4 subtopics

Topic 5: Land2 subtopics

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change4 subtopics

Topic 7: Natural resources3 subtopics

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems3 subtopics

HL lenses 3 subtopics

IB Environmental systems and societies 8.2A Urban Systems Notes

Topic 1: Foundation 3 subtopics

Topic 2: Ecology5 subtopics

Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity3 subtopics

Topic 4: Water4 subtopics

Topic 5: Land2 subtopics

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change4 subtopics

Topic 7: Natural resources3 subtopics

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems3 subtopics

HL lenses 3 subtopics

Urban Systems: A City Runs on the Same Storages and Flows as Any Ecosystem

Components of Urban Ecosystems

Urban Areas: Characteristics and Classification

Characteristics of Urban Areas

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Urban Systems: A City Runs on the Same Storages and Flows as Any Ecosystem

Components of Urban Ecosystems

Urban Areas: Characteristics and Classification

Characteristics of Urban Areas

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account