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Stratification
Stratification is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, where water forms distinct layers due to differences in temperature and density.
Thermocline
A thermocline is a layer in a body of water where temperature decreases sharply with depth, restricting vertical movement and mixing.
Upwelling
Upwelling refers to the vertical movement of deep, cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface due to the displacement of surface waters by wind.