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Sample Question: How do two of the works you have studied portray the consequences of individuals resisting or losing control?
Texts: 1984 by George Orwell & A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams
In both George Orwell’s 1984 and Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, the authors portray the devastating consequences that follow when individuals attempt to resist or are unable to maintain control. Orwell focuses on the crushing power of a totalitarian regime, where even private rebellion is impossible, and resistance results in the complete erasure of selfhood. Williams, meanwhile, delves into the psychological disintegration of a woman who constructs an illusory world to escape the traumas of her past. Though differing in genre, form, and historical context, both texts expose how the loss of control, whether over truth, identity, or perception, results in psychological, emotional, and existential collapse. Through the use of symbolism, narrative structure, and contrasting literary styles, Orwell and Williams warn that the inability to assert or preserve one’s reality is ultimately a path to obliteration.
Firstly, both authors depict different types of control, but each shows that this control is essential to the characters’ sense of self. In 1984, the Party exercises absolute external control through surveillance, manipulation of truth, and the erasure of history. Winston’s seemingly minor acts of resistance, keeping a diary, having a sexual relationship with Julia, seeking out the Brotherhood, represent his attempt to claim intellectual and emotional freedom. Orwell’s use of third-person limited narration places the reader inside Winston’s increasingly paranoid thoughts, reinforcing the isolation of his rebellion. His famous thought “Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four” captures his desire to preserve objective truth in a world of “doublethink”. Yet this is precisely the control the Party cannot tolerate. In contrast, Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire engages in a more personal, psychological form of control. She hides from the realities of her past, her failed marriage, sexual trauma, and declining social status, by constructing fantasies. Her plea, “I don’t want realism. I want magic!”, reveals her fear of confronting the truth. Williams symbolises this resistance to reality through the paper lantern, the avoidance of bright light, and the emotional intensity of expressionist sound effects. While Winston resists external ideology, Blanche resists internal pain and in both cases, that resistance is doomed to fail.
Secondly, the consequences of losing control are rendered with chilling clarity in both texts. In 1984, Winston is captured by the Thought Police and subjected to extensive psychological torture in the Ministry of Love. Under duress, he betrays Julia and is eventually forced to accept that “2 + 2 = 5”. The final, tragic line “He loved Big Brother” is an example of Orwell’s devastating irony, as Winston’s capacity for independent thought is eradicated. The novel ends not with death, but with ideological submission, which Orwell portrays as a fate worse than physical annihilation. In Streetcar, Blanche’s descent is more emotional and gradual. The Varsouviana polka, a musical motif linked to her traumatic past, repeats more frequently as her delusions deepen. After being raped by Stanley, Blanche’s mental fragility crumbles entirely. Her final line “I have always depended on the kindness of strangers” is steeped in pathos and dramatic irony, as the audience recognises the disconnect between her perception and reality. While Winston’s control is taken by the state, Blanche’s is eroded by trauma and a society that offers no place for women who do not conform.
Thirdly, both Orwell and Williams use symbolism and recurring motifs to reflect their characters’ spiralling loss of control. In 1984, the glass paperweight represents Winston’s attempt to connect with a preserved, uncorrupted version of the past. Its shattering during his arrest mirrors the collapse of his rebellion and his illusion of agency. Likewise, in Streetcar, the paper lantern becomes a tangible symbol of Blanche’s illusions. Stanley’s tearing down of the lantern during their final confrontation symbolises his total violation of her mental space. Additionally, light in Streetcar functions as a dual symbol, truth and exposure, which Blanche actively avoids. These objects are more than props: they are emotional anchors, and their destruction reflects the final stage of each protagonist’s psychological breakdown. Orwell’s symbols are stark, sterile, and bleak, aligning with his novel’s dystopian tone, while Williams’ are poetic, expressive, and tragic, both equally effective in externalising the loss of self.
Moreover, beyond individual tragedy, both authors have distinct purposes in exploring these downfalls. Orwell wrote 1984 as a direct warning against the dangers of authoritarian control, particularly after witnessing the rise of fascism and communism in the 20th century. The novel’s dystopian structure and philosophical underpinnings, such as the manipulation of language, the abolition of personal relationships, and the revision of history, show how power systems can obliterate identity and truth itself. In contrast, Williams critiques societal and gender norms in 1940s America, especially the vulnerability of women in a male-dominated world. Blanche is not just destroyed by her own delusions but also by a society that judges her sexuality, mocks her fragility, and offers no support for emotional trauma. Her inability to control how she is seen, especially by Stanley, reflects a broader critique of how patriarchal systems invalidate female narratives. In both texts, then, resisting or losing control leads to profound and irreversible consequences. Winston, once hopeful, becomes an ideological puppet, Blanche, once proud, descends into madness. Orwell and Williams, though working in very different genres, align in their portrayal of how power, perception, and truth are bound tightly to one’s sense of self. Without the ability to shape or defend one’s reality, the individual becomes empty, a shell manipulated by external forces or shattered by internal ones.
In conclusion, 1984 and A Streetcar Named Desire portray control as a fragile but vital foundation of identity. Through symbolism, form, and character arcs, both authors demonstrate that whether the threat is a totalitarian regime or an unforgiving society, the consequences of losing control are devastating and dehumanising. Orwell and Williams remind us that when individuals lose control over their truth, whether political or personal, they cease to exist not only in the eyes of others, but in their own.
Sample Question: To what extent do the two works you have studied present the crossing of ethical boundaries as a path to personal or social revelation?
Texts: A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov
In both Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita, ethical boundaries are not simply crossed, they are interrogated, complicated, and ultimately used as a tool for deeper personal and social revelation. Ibsen presents Nora’s act of forgery as a morally complex yet liberating decision that leads to an awakening of her individual identity and critique of patriarchal norms. In contrast, Nabokov portrays Humbert’s transgression as an unambiguously monstrous act, masked by poetic language and unreliable narration, which reveals disturbing truths about obsession, complicity, and the power of manipulation. Through structure, narrative voice, symbolism, and irony, both authors present ethical transgression not as a flat violation of right and wrong, but as a lens through which individuals and societies can be more clearly understood.
Each protagonist commits an act that violates clear ethical or legal standards, yet the tone and literary framing of these acts diverge significantly. In A Doll’s House, Nora forges her father’s signature to obtain a loan, motivated by love and desperation. Ibsen, writing in a realist tradition, situates this act within a highly constrained domestic space, emphasising how societal structures, particularly legal and gender systems, limit her moral options. The use of dialogue and stage directions reinforces this: Nora moves frantically, often infantilised by Torvald’s patronising pet names, which enhances the sense of her psychological entrapment. The forgery is not framed as criminal, but as morally courageous, even if legally suspect. Meanwhile, in Lolita, Humbert Humbert's transgression is far more egregious: he seduces, manipulates, and repeatedly abuses a child, Dolores Haze. However, Nabokov’s use of first-person unreliable narration, allusion, and lyrical prose cloaks the horror of Humbert’s actions in aesthetic charm. His opening line, “Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins”, is drenched in alliteration, metaphor, and sensual rhythm, drawing the reader into his deluded worldview. This tension between style and subject matter forces the reader to confront how language can obscure or distort moral reality.
For both Nora and Humbert, their transgressions are also pathways to personal revelation, though the nature of that revelation is markedly different. In A Doll’s House, Nora’s decision ultimately becomes the catalyst for her psychological emancipation. Ibsen’s climactic use of symbolism, the infamous “door slam” as she leaves Torvald represents a literal and metaphorical closing of one chapter and the beginning of selfhood. Her line “I believe that I am first and foremost a human being” is both a declaration of agency and a rebuke of social roles. Ibsen’s structural build-up, with tension mounting through small revelations (Krogstad’s letter, Torvald’s reaction), leads to this final act of moral clarity. In Lolita, however, Humbert’s moment of reflection is undercut by narcissism and self-pity. His later confession “I was a monster, but I loved you” is shaped by paradox, and Nabokov’s manipulation of free indirect discourse blurs sincerity with self-justification. Unlike Nora, Humbert does not undergo meaningful transformation, rather, his “revelation” serves to expose the limits of self-awareness when mediated through obsession and guilt.
Beyond personal change, both texts use ethical transgression as a means of social commentary. Ibsen, writing in 19th-century Norway, uses the domestic space as a microcosm of societal inequality. Nora’s ethical breach exposes the hypocrisy of a society that demands obedience from women while offering them neither autonomy nor protection. The legal system penalises her for her forgery, but not Torvald for his moral cowardice. Ibsen’s use of dialogic contrast, between Torvald’s moral platitudes and Nora’s growing independence, highlights the gendered double standards of Victorian ethics. Nabokov’s commentary is more layered and sinister. By constructing a protagonist whose charm manipulates the reader as much as his victim, he critiques not only Humbert, but the cultural aestheticisation of abuse, the romanticising of obsession, and the failure of institutions (schools, parents, doctors) to protect vulnerable individuals. Nabokov’s frequent use of intertextual references to Poe, Dante, and even fairy tales creates a narrative web of illusion, showing how easily stories can disguise abuse. In both cases, the authors use literary technique to turn transgression into a mirror, reflecting the flaws and contradictions of their respective societies.
Despite these similarities, the ethical implications and consequences of the transgressions differ starkly. Nora is ultimately portrayed as a figure of moral clarity and courage, her decision to leave framed not as abandonment but as liberation. Ibsen’s use of a three-act structure, progressing from domestic deception to moral reckoning, reinforces the idea that ethical lines must sometimes be crossed in order to grow. In contrast, Humbert’s transgression leaves only destruction in its wake, Lolita dies, Humbert ends in prison, and any revelation is tarnished by his continued self-centering. Nabokov offers no redemption, only an exposure of how language, culture, and charisma can mask predation. Thus, while both authors use transgression to provoke personal and societal reflection, the moral tone of each text diverges sharply: Ibsen suggests ethical boundary-crossing can be redemptive, Nabokov insists it is often irredeemable.
In conclusion, both A Doll’s House and Lolita present the crossing of ethical boundaries as a route to profound personal and social revelation, but their approaches differ significantly. Ibsen portrays Nora’s act as a necessary rebellion that reveals both individual strength and societal hypocrisy. Nabokov, in contrast, crafts Humbert’s transgression as a disturbing, morally corrosive act whose seductive presentation implicates the reader in the ethical questioning. Through techniques such as structure, symbolism, narration, irony, and tone, both authors transform ethical violations into platforms for deeper exploration of morality, identity, and social critique. Ultimately, they ask: What do we learn when boundaries are broken and who pays the price for that knowledge?
Sample Question: Discuss how and to what effect authors present barriers, physical, psychological, or societal in two of the works you have studied.
Texts: A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood
Barriers, whether psychological, societal, or physical, are not just challenges that characters must confront. In both Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, barriers are used to reveal the fragility of identity, the weight of gendered expectations, and the consequences of emotional or social isolation. Atwood presents barriers as part of an institutionalised dystopian regime that strips women of their autonomy and reduces them to vessels of reproduction. Williams, meanwhile, constructs a personal tragedy shaped by psychological trauma and rigid gender norms, where barriers form within the mind and the home. Through distinct literary forms and techniques, both authors portray barriers as mechanisms that confine, isolate, and ultimately destroy those who cannot conform.
Both authors begin with characters who are psychologically trapped. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Offred suffers from disassociation, forced to sever herself from memories of her daughter, husband, and freedom. Her internal voice is filled with fragmented reflection: “We were the people who were not in the papers. We lived in the blank white spaces at the edges of print.” Atwood uses first-person narration, non-linear structure, and metafictional commentary to show how Offred constructs an interior world as a defense mechanism. The psychological barrier lies not just in her external oppression, but in her own need to forget, compartmentalise, and survive. Similarly, in A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche DuBois is imprisoned by her past, the death of her young husband, the loss of Belle Reeve, and social ostracisation due to her sexual history. Her reliance on fantasy is encapsulated in the line: “I don’t want realism. I want magic!” Williams externalises her mental state through expressionist devices: the Varsouviana polka, the paper lantern, and the use of dim lighting. These symbols serve as fragile protections against a world she finds unbearable. In both texts, the characters’ mental barriers protect them from truth, but ultimately isolate them further, making reintegration into reality impossible.
Beyond the psychological, both texts present societal and gendered barriers as oppressive forces. Atwood’s Gilead is a theocratic patriarchy where women are valued solely for fertility. Handmaids are stripped of their names, confined by ritual, and robbed of individual identity. “A rat in a maze is free to go anywhere, as long as it stays inside the maze.” This metaphor chillingly captures the illusion of autonomy within a system of complete control. Atwood’s use of biblical language, ritualistic repetition, and symbolic uniforms reinforces how society enforces obedience through ideology. In Streetcar, Blanche faces societal judgment not through laws, but through cultural expectations of female purity and propriety. Stanley, the embodiment of brute male realism, asserts dominance over her not just physically but morally. Williams contrasts dialogue tone and rhythm between Blanche’s poetic nostalgia and Stanley’s curt aggression to show the power imbalance. While Blanche is destroyed for her emotional vulnerability and sexual history, Stanley is permitted violence. In both texts, societal barriers reflect gendered double standards, where women who transgress are punished, either with silence or madness.
The physical environments in each text also reflect the constraints imposed on the characters. Offred is confined to sterile rooms, watched by Eyes, guarded by Angels. The ritual of the Ceremony, in which the Commander has sex with her while she lies between Serena Joy’s legs, symbolises the complete invasion of body and space. Atwood’s symbolism of wings, veils, and red garments reinforces the visual stripping of individuality. In Streetcar, Blanche is physically confined in the cramped New Orleans apartment, which offers no escape from Stanley’s presence. The stage directions heighten this claustrophobia, Williams uses the setting as a character in itself, with sound effects (streetcar, trains) mirroring emotional intensity. The lack of doors, the forced proximity, and the oppressive heat all create an atmosphere of inescapable confrontation. These spaces are not simply backdrops, they embody the emotional and social walls that press upon the characters, leaving them nowhere to hide.
While the form and tone of the two texts differ, Atwood’s novel is speculative and politically expansive, while Williams’ play is lyrical and intimate, both authors depict barriers as mechanisms of control, alienation, and collapse. Offred’s internal monologue becomes a site of resistance but also a record of emotional erasure: she constantly forgets or censors her own past. Blanche, too, constructs illusion after illusion, until she no longer knows what is real. Their downfalls are not sudden, but slow erasures of identity. Importantly, both authors suggest that these barriers are not just external, they become internalised, absorbed by the characters themselves. Offred self-censors. Blanche self-deludes. In doing so, the authors reveal how barriers become most destructive when they are no longer recognised as barriers at all.
In conclusion, both The Handmaid’s Tale and A Streetcar Named Desire present barriers, psychological, societal, and physical, not simply as obstacles, but as the very architecture of oppression. Through a range of literary devices including narrative voice, symbolism, form, and setting, Atwood and Williams show that these barriers are invisible cages, slowly enclosing their protagonists until resistance or survival is no longer possible. What makes their tragedies so powerful is that the characters once had freedom, and now live in the shadow of its loss.
Sample Question: “Nothing is as it seems.” Discuss how authors explore the tension between appearance and reality in two of the works you have studied.
Texts: Macbeth by William Shakespeare and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
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