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Application layer
The application layer provides the interface between applications and the network.
Deep packet inspection (DPI)
Deep packet inspection (DPI) is filtering that reads the data a packet carries as well as its header, so a firewall can act on the contents of a request rather than only on its addresses, ports and protocol.
Firewalls
Firewalls are security devices that monitor and control network traffic based on predetermined rules. They act as a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks.
Network address translation (NAT)
Network address translation (NAT) is the process by which a router rewrites the private source address of an outgoing packet to its own public address, records the swap with a port number, and reverses the rewrite on the reply. It lets many private devices share one public IP address.