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Mass spectrum
A mass spectrum is a graph that plots the relative abundance of ions (y-axis) against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) (x-axis).
Molecular ion
The molecular ion (M⁺) is the ion formed when a whole molecule loses a single electron during ionisation, without any bonds breaking. Its mass-to-charge ratio equals the relative molecular mass of the compound.
Radical
A radical is an atom, molecule, cation, or anion that contains an unpaired electron. This unpaired electron makes radicals highly reactive as they seek to pair up their lone electron to achieve a more stable configuration.