IB Biology Topic C4.1.12 Mutualism as an…

Mutualism is an interspecific relationship where both species benefit

In mutualism, each partner gains something it could not easily get alone, so both improve their survival, growth, or reproduction.

The three classic IB examples are legumes with Rhizobium, orchids with mycorrhizal fungi, and corals with zooxanthellae.

Tip

Mutualism is written as +/+, because both species benefit.
In parasitism, one species benefits while the other is harmed.

Legumes and Rhizobium trade nitrogen for sugars

Most plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) directly.

Legumes such as peas, beans, and clover solve this by partnering with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Rhizobium.

Root nodules form

The legume grows root nodules that house the Rhizobium bacteria.

Nitrogen is fixed

Inside the nodules, Rhizobium converts N₂ into ammonium (NH₄⁺), which the plant can absorb.

Both partners benefit

The legume gains usable nitrogen, letting it grow well even in nitrogen-poor soil.
The bacteria gain a protected home in the nodules plus sugars from the plant for energy.

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IB Biology Topic C4.1.12: Mutualism as an Interspecific Relationship That Benefits Both Species Notes

IB Biology Topic C4.1.12: Mutualism as an Interspecific Relationship That Benefits Both Species Notes

Mutualism is an interspecific relationship where both species benefit

Legumes and Rhizobium trade nitrogen for sugars

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Mutualism is an interspecific relationship where both species benefit

Legumes and Rhizobium trade nitrogen for sugars

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

IB Biology Topic C4.1.12: Mutualism as an Interspecific Relationship That Benefits Both Species Notes

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

IB Biology Topic C4.1.12: Mutualism as an Interspecific Relationship That Benefits Both Species Notes

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

Mutualism is an interspecific relationship where both species benefit

Legumes and Rhizobium trade nitrogen for sugars

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Mutualism is an interspecific relationship where both species benefit

Legumes and Rhizobium trade nitrogen for sugars

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account