IB Biology Topic B1.1.3 Digestion of Polymers Into Monomers by Hydrolysis Reactions Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Biology Topic B1.1.3 Digestion of Polymers Into Monomers by Hydrolysis Reactions Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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What Is Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis Breaks Polymers Into Monomers Using Water

Definition

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where water ($H_2O$) breaks down a compound.

How Water Splits a Bond

A water molecule splits into –H and –OH.
1. These fragments attach to the exposed ends where the bond was broken, which stops the monomers from reconnecting.

Example

Take sucrose, a common sugar found in many foods.
It is a disaccharide made of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose.
During hydrolysis, a water molecule is added, breaking the bond between glucose and fructose.
- The (-H) from water attaches to the glucose, while the (-OH) attaches to the fructose.
This reaction is carried out by the enzyme sucrase.

The Role of Hydrolysis in Digestion: It Breaks Food Macromolecules Into Absorbable Monomers

Hydrolysis is vital for breaking down large macromolecules (polymers) into smaller monomers that the body can absorb.

Polysaccharides → Monosaccharides
1. Starch or glycogen (long chains of glucose) are broken down by enzymes such as amylase and maltase.
2. Glycosidic bonds are broken, releasing glucose units.
Polypeptides → Amino Acids
1. Proteins (chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds) are digested by enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin, both types of protease.
2. Each peptide bond is broken by adding water, which yields free amino acids.

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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
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What Is Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis Breaks Polymers Into Monomers Using Water

Definition

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where water ($H_2O$) breaks down a compound.

How Water Splits a Bond

A water molecule splits into –H and –OH.
1. These fragments attach to the exposed ends where the bond was broken, which stops the monomers from reconnecting.

Example

Take sucrose, a common sugar found in many foods.
It is a disaccharide made of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose.
During hydrolysis, a water molecule is added, breaking the bond between glucose and fructose.
- The (-H) from water attaches to the glucose, while the (-OH) attaches to the fructose.
This reaction is carried out by the enzyme sucrase.

The Role of Hydrolysis in Digestion: It Breaks Food Macromolecules Into Absorbable Monomers

Hydrolysis is vital for breaking down large macromolecules (polymers) into smaller monomers that the body can absorb.

Polysaccharides → Monosaccharides
1. Starch or glycogen (long chains of glucose) are broken down by enzymes such as amylase and maltase.
2. Glycosidic bonds are broken, releasing glucose units.
Polypeptides → Amino Acids
1. Proteins (chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds) are digested by enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin, both types of protease.
2. Each peptide bond is broken by adding water, which yields free amino acids.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

IB Biology Topic B1.1.3: Digestion of Polymers Into Monomers by Hydrolysis Reactions Notes

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

What Is Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis Breaks Polymers Into Monomers Using Water

How Water Splits a Bond

The Role of Hydrolysis in Digestion: It Breaks Food Macromolecules Into Absorbable Monomers

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

What Is Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis Breaks Polymers Into Monomers Using Water

How Water Splits a Bond

The Role of Hydrolysis in Digestion: It Breaks Food Macromolecules Into Absorbable Monomers

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account