Cell Differentiation Is The Selective Expression Of Genes
- Multicellular organisms contain diverse cell types, all arising from a single zygote.
- Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become structurally and functionally specialized by selectively expressing genes.
- This enables division of labor in tissues and organs, increasing overall efficiency.
The "colors" are genes, and the "environment" provides the signals.
What Is Differentiation?
Definition
Differentiation
Differentiation is the process where pluripotent cells (unspecialized cells) develop into specialized cells with unique structures and functions.
- Despite all cells sharing the same DNA, differentiation ensures only specific genes are expressed in each cell type.
- Despite all cells in an organism sharing the same DNA, differentiation ensures that only specific genes are expressed in each cell type.
Cells from the placenta or umbilical cord during embryonic stages have the potential to specialize into nerve cells, muscle cells, or blood cells.
The Role of Gene Expression in Differentiation
Definition
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process of using genetic information to produce functional products like proteins.
- Gene expression is the process of using genetic information to produce functional products like proteins.
- Cells selectively "activate" certain genes while "silencing" others in response to:
- Internal cues: Signals from within the cell or its lineage.
- External cues: Environmental signals like hormones or growth factors.
- Muscle cells express genes for actin and myosin (proteins for contraction).
- Red blood cells activate the gene for hemoglobin (oxygen transport).
- Nerve cells express genes for neurotransmitter receptors.
