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Amplitude
The maximum distance from the midline (mean value) to a peak or a trough.
Frequency
The number of complete cycles per unit interval. In this course, the coefficient $b$ is often referred to as the frequency, representing the number of cycles in $360^\circ$ (distinct from the physics definition of cycles per unit time).
Period
The horizontal length of one complete cycle of a periodic graph.
Periodic function
A function whose values repeat after a fixed input interval $T$, so $f(x+T) = f(x)$ for all $x$ in its domain. The smallest positive such $T$ is the period.