IB Sports, exercise and health science Topic B.2.1.3 Momentum Changes and Collisions in Sports Scenarios Revision Notes (HL)

IB Sports, exercise and health science Topic B.2.1.3 Momentum Changes and Collisions in Sports Scenarios Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Collisions in Sport

A collision happens when two or more bodies meet and push on each other for a brief moment, often only a few thousandths of a second, and is enough to change the motion of both bodies.
Sport is full of collisions: a foot striking a football, a bat meeting a ball, a hand pulling against water, a sprinter's spikes pressing into the track.

Momentum and Impulse: The Building Blocks of Collisions

Definition

Momentum

A measure of motion that combines mass and velocity, calculated as p = mv where p is momentum (kg⋅m/s), m is mass (kg), and v is velocity (m/s).

Momentum is the quantity of motion an object has.
It depends on two factors: mass and velocity: $p=mv$

Where:

p = momentum (kg·m/s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)

Definition

Collisions

A collision occurs when two or more objects come into contact and exert forces on each other over a short period of time.

Definition

Impulse

The product of force and time (F×Δt), representing the change in momentum.

Common Mistake

Students often confuse momentum (mass × velocity) with force (mass × acceleration). Remember: momentum tells us about motion quantity, force tells us about motion change.

Principles of Momentum in Collisions:

Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum before a collision = total momentum after a collision.
The link to Newton's third law: the two bodies push on each other with forces equal in size and opposite in direction for the same time, so the impulses are equal and opposite and the changes in momentum cancel out, leaving total momentum unchanged.
Impulse (Force × Time): A longer force application increases momentum change (e.g., following through in a golf swing).
One-dimensional calculations: pick a positive direction first, write each velocity with the right sign, then apply m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ where u are velocities before and v are velocities after.

Example

A tennis ball hitting a racquet demonstrates both momentum change and coefficient of restitution:

Ball's momentum changes direction
Some energy converts to heat and sound
Racquet strings affect the "bounce" (CR)

Types of Collisions in Sport

Elastic Collisions:
1. Maximum energy retention
2. High coefficient of restitution

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Collisions in Sport

A collision happens when two or more bodies meet and push on each other for a brief moment, often only a few thousandths of a second, and is enough to change the motion of both bodies.
Sport is full of collisions: a foot striking a football, a bat meeting a ball, a hand pulling against water, a sprinter's spikes pressing into the track.

Momentum and Impulse: The Building Blocks of Collisions

Definition

Momentum

A measure of motion that combines mass and velocity, calculated as p = mv where p is momentum (kg⋅m/s), m is mass (kg), and v is velocity (m/s).

Momentum is the quantity of motion an object has.
It depends on two factors: mass and velocity: $p=mv$

Where:

p = momentum (kg·m/s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)

Definition

Collisions

A collision occurs when two or more objects come into contact and exert forces on each other over a short period of time.

Definition

Impulse

The product of force and time (F×Δt), representing the change in momentum.

Common Mistake

Students often confuse momentum (mass × velocity) with force (mass × acceleration). Remember: momentum tells us about motion quantity, force tells us about motion change.

Principles of Momentum in Collisions:

Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum before a collision = total momentum after a collision.
The link to Newton's third law: the two bodies push on each other with forces equal in size and opposite in direction for the same time, so the impulses are equal and opposite and the changes in momentum cancel out, leaving total momentum unchanged.
Impulse (Force × Time): A longer force application increases momentum change (e.g., following through in a golf swing).
One-dimensional calculations: pick a positive direction first, write each velocity with the right sign, then apply m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ where u are velocities before and v are velocities after.

Example

A tennis ball hitting a racquet demonstrates both momentum change and coefficient of restitution:

Ball's momentum changes direction
Some energy converts to heat and sound
Racquet strings affect the "bounce" (CR)

Types of Collisions in Sport

Elastic Collisions:
1. Maximum energy retention
2. High coefficient of restitution

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

A.1 Communication3 subtopics

A.2 Hydration and nutrition3 subtopics

A.3 Response3 subtopics

B.1 Generating movement in the body4 subtopics

B.2 Forces, motion and movement3 subtopics

B.3 Injury2 subtopics

C.1 Individual differences2 subtopics

C.2 Motor learning2 subtopics

C.3 Motivation3 subtopics

C.4 Stress and coping2 subtopics

C.5 Psychological skills2 subtopics

IB Sports, exercise and health science B.2.1.3 Momentum Changes and Collisions in Sports Scenarios Notes

A.1 Communication3 subtopics

A.2 Hydration and nutrition3 subtopics

A.3 Response3 subtopics

B.1 Generating movement in the body4 subtopics

B.2 Forces, motion and movement3 subtopics

B.3 Injury2 subtopics

C.1 Individual differences2 subtopics

C.2 Motor learning2 subtopics

C.3 Motivation3 subtopics

C.4 Stress and coping2 subtopics

C.5 Psychological skills2 subtopics

Collisions in Sport

Momentum and Impulse: The Building Blocks of Collisions

Principles of Momentum in Collisions:

Types of Collisions in Sport

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Collisions in Sport

Momentum and Impulse: The Building Blocks of Collisions

Principles of Momentum in Collisions:

Types of Collisions in Sport

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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