IB Psychology Topic Biases in Thinking and Decision-making Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Psychology Topic Biases in Thinking and Decision-making Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Definition

Cognitive Biases

Systematic patterns of deviation from rationality in judgment, often produced by mental shortcuts.

Example

Confirmation Bias: The tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and disregard information that contradicts them.

A student who believes caffeine improves focus only notices times they study well after drinking coffee and ignores times they struggle.

Theoretical Background

Normative and Descriptive Models

Normative Models describe "ideal" decision-making, assuming rationality and access to all relevant information.
Descriptive Models explain real-life decision-making, incorporating heuristics and biases, which reflect human limitations in processing information.

Dual Process Theory (Kahneman, 2003)

System 1 Thinking: Fast, intuitive, and automatic thinking. Quick, emotional, relies on heuristics, evolved for survival but prone to errors.
System 2 Thinking: Slow, analytical, and deliberate reasoning. Logical, reflective, overrides System 1 when resources and time permit.

Key Studies

Confirmation Bias

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Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit.

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Definition

Cognitive Biases

Systematic patterns of deviation from rationality in judgment, often produced by mental shortcuts.

Example

Confirmation Bias: The tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and disregard information that contradicts them.

A student who believes caffeine improves focus only notices times they study well after drinking coffee and ignores times they struggle.

Theoretical Background

Normative and Descriptive Models

Normative Models describe "ideal" decision-making, assuming rationality and access to all relevant information.
Descriptive Models explain real-life decision-making, incorporating heuristics and biases, which reflect human limitations in processing information.

Dual Process Theory (Kahneman, 2003)

System 1 Thinking: Fast, intuitive, and automatic thinking. Quick, emotional, relies on heuristics, evolved for survival but prone to errors.
System 2 Thinking: Slow, analytical, and deliberate reasoning. Logical, reflective, overrides System 1 when resources and time permit.

Key Studies

Confirmation Bias

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Biological Approach4 subtopics

Cognitive Approach4 subtopics

Sociocultural Approach4 subtopics

Option 1: Abnormal Psychology3 subtopics

Option 2: Developmental Psychology3 subtopics

Option 3: Health Psychology3 subtopics

Option 4: Human Relationships3 subtopics

IB Psychology Biases in Thinking and Decision-making Notes

Biological Approach4 subtopics

Cognitive Approach4 subtopics

Sociocultural Approach4 subtopics

Option 1: Abnormal Psychology3 subtopics

Option 2: Developmental Psychology3 subtopics

Option 3: Health Psychology3 subtopics

Option 4: Human Relationships3 subtopics

Theoretical Background

Normative and Descriptive Models

Dual Process Theory (Kahneman, 2003)

Key Studies

Confirmation Bias

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Theoretical Background

Normative and Descriptive Models

Dual Process Theory (Kahneman, 2003)

Key Studies

Confirmation Bias

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account