Childhood Trauma
Experiences of physical, emotional, or psychological harm during childhood that can have long-term effects on development. Protective factors mitigate the negative impact of trauma, while risk factors increase the likelihood of negative developmental outcomes.
Key Studies
Case studyRutter (1972)
Aim: To investigate the role of protective factors in resilience following childhood trauma.
Method: Longitudinal study tracking children exposed to adverse conditions, such as neglect or family discord.
Procedure: Researchers assessed emotional and behavioral outcomes over time and compared children with high and low resilience levels.
Results: Children with supportive adult relationships and stable environments were more likely to display resilience despite adversity.
Conclusion: Social support and environmental stability are crucial protective factors.
Case studyWerner and Smith (1982)
Aim: To identify the long-term impacts of childhood trauma and factors influencing resilience.
Method: Longitudinal study following 698 children born in Hawaii.
Procedure: Researchers assessed participants' life outcomes, focusing on those who faced significant early adversity.
Results: One-third of children exposed to trauma thrived in adulthood due to factors like self-efficacy, positive role models, and supportive community ties.
Conclusion: Resilience stems from a combination of individual traits and external supports.
Key Concepts
- Effects of Trauma:
- Disruptions in emotional regulation and cognitive functioning.
- Higher risk of mental health disorders (e.g., PTSD, depression).
- Building Resilience:
- Fostering secure attachments with caregivers.
- Promoting self-efficacy and problem-solving skills.
- Role of Protective Factors:
- Stable, nurturing environments can offset the negative impact of early adversity.
- Positive peer relationships and community support contribute to resilience.
Critical Thinking
Evaluation of Research:
- Longitudinal studies like Werner and Smith (1982) provide valuable insights but may struggle with attrition bias, as participants drop out over time.
- Schools and communities can foster resilience by providing supportive adult mentors, counseling services, and safe spaces for children.
- Researching childhood trauma requires careful attention to participant well-being and minimizing re-traumatization.
