Definitions
Peers
Individuals of the same age group or developmental stage.
Play
Voluntary, enjoyable activities often associated with developmental benefits, ranging from physical to cognitive and social growth.
Inhibitory Control
The ability to suppress impulsive behaviors that may lead to negative social reactions, such as grabbing toys.
Perspective Taking
The skill to understand another person’s viewpoint, a critical element of social skills.
Joint Attention
The shared focus between individuals on an object or activity, which is foundational for social learning.
Key Studies
Case studyDamon and Killen (1982)
Aim: To investigate how peer discussions influence moral reasoning in children.
Method: Experimental design comparing discussions with peers and adults.
Procedure: Children were divided into two groups to discuss moral dilemmas: one group interacted with peers, and the other engaged with adults. Changes in moral reasoning were measured post-discussion.
Results: Peer discussions significantly advanced moral reasoning, aligning with Piaget’s theory that peers encourage more balanced perspective-taking.
Conclusion: Peer interactions play a unique role in moral development.
Case studyHollos and Cowan (1973)
Aim: To examine how peer exposure affects social and logical task performance.
Method: Comparative study analyzing children from isolated farms and urban environments.
Procedure: Participants were assessed on logical reasoning tasks and social tasks requiring perspective-taking.
Results: Both groups performed similarly on logical tasks, but farm-raised children scored lower on social tasks.
Conclusion: Interaction with peers is critical for developing social perspective-taking skills.
Key Concepts
- Stages of Play Development:
- Object Manipulation (1–2 years): Focuses on object properties, ignoring their social meaning (e.g., exploring a spoon’s texture rather than its function).
- Pretend Play (3–5 years): Role-playing emerges, allowing children to understand social meanings (e.g., using sticks as utensils during pretend meals).
- Play with Rules (6–7 years): Incorporates structured rules, signifying cognitive and social maturity.
