Biological Explanations Notes

Key Components

1. Neurotransmitter Imbalances:
   1. Abnormal levels of chemicals like serotonin and dopamine are linked to disorders like depression and schizophrenia.
   2. Example: Low serotonin levels are associated with major depressive disorder.
   3. Strengths: Aids in providing treatment (through selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRI)
   4. Weaknesses: There is no 'normal' level of serotonin to classify depression. Also, even though aspirin helps with headaches, headaches are caused by a lack of aspirin, and it may be similar for serotonin and MDD.
2. Brain Structure and Function:
   1. Studies show differences in brain regions like the prefrontal cortex or amygdala in individuals with mental disorders.
   2. Example: Enlarged ventricles in individuals with schizophrenia suggest loss of brain tissue.
3. Genetic Influences:
   1. Twin and family studies reveal higher concordance rates for mental disorders in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins, even when they had lived apart for a while.
   2. Example: Heritability of bipolar disorder is estimated at 80%.
   3. Weaknesses: This approach has failed to explain why women are more likely to be diagnosed with MDD than men.

Critical Thinking

Strengths and Weaknesses

• Strengths: Provides biological plausibility and potential for targeted treatments (e.g., medication).
• Weaknesses: Reductionist approach may overlook environmental factors.

Ethical and Practical Considerations

• Genetic research raises concerns about privacy and potential misuse (e.g., genetic discrimination).
• Findings might lead to stigma for individuals with a genetic predisposition.

Implications for Treatment

• Advances in understanding biological underpinnings allow for personalized medicine, though accessibility remains a challenge.