IB Psychology Topic 3.2.1 Models of Development Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Psychology Topic 3.2.1 Models of Development Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Brain Development

Role of Brain Maturation

Brain maturation refers to the process by which the brain develops and refines its structure and function over time.
This process is sequential and hierarchical, meaning that simpler functions develop first, followed by more complex functions.
For example, the prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and impulse control, matures last, often continuing into the mid-20s.

The Role of Neurons

Both neurons and glial cells are involved in the process of maturation.
Neurons have an axon (where signals are sent), dendrites (where signals are received, and a soma (cell body).
Neurons generate electrical impulses called action potentials that run along the axon to transmit messages.

Example

The myelination of neurons, which increases the speed of neural transmission, occurs progressively from the back to the front of the brain.
This explains why children develop basic motor skills before higher-order cognitive abilities.

Note

Glial cells are involved in the protection of neurons.
They maintain homeostasis, generate myelin, aid in signal transmission, and ensure neurons get nutrients.

Note

Processes of Brain Maturation

Neurogenesis: The process by which new neurons are made. Stem cells split into progenitor cells, which become neurons or glial cells.
Cell Migration: New brain cells move to where they need to be in the brain.
Cell Differentiation: Stem cells turn into specialized cells, in this case neurons or glial cells.
Cell Maturation: Stem cells divide and turn into neurons or glial cells.
Synaptogenesis: The creation of synapses between neurons.
Cell Death: Eliminating excess neurons and synapses through apoptosis.

Case study

Johnson (2001)

Aim

To look at the current understanding of human development and to provide an overview of the process.

Method

Literature Review

Results

Brain continues developing after birth.
Most neurons are present at birth, but synaptogenesis is significant in he first year of life.
Sight fully develops by the age of 2.
There are 3 theories that explain brain development.
- Maturational Perspective: As the brain matures, cognition develops.
- Specialization Approach: As cortical areas interact, skills are developed.
- Skill-Learning Hypothesis: Certain areas of the brain are used while skills are developing, others take over once the skill is developed.

Critical Periods

Critical periods are specific windows of time during which the brain is particularly sensitive to certain environmental stimuli.
If these stimuli are absent during the critical period, normal development may be compromised.

Example

The critical period for language acquisition is often cited as occurring before puberty. Children deprived of linguistic input during this time may struggle to develop normal language skills later in life.

Note

Critical Thinking

How may brain development explain adolescent behaviour?
This ignores social factors of development (e.g. SLT, Vygotsky's theory)
How fixed are critical periods?

Attachment Theory

Attachment theory was established by John Bowlby in the 1950s.
He posited that the critical period to form secure attachments with others was between birth and two to three years.
Inconsistent care from parents may lead to unstable relationships in adulthood.

Case study

Simons et al. (2014)

Aim

To investigate the correlation between childhood and romantic relationships in the future

Method

Recruited participants who were taking part in a different longitudinal study and examined their data.

Results

Parenting style had some influence on the style of their children’s attachment in their romantic relationships as adults.
A secure childhood attachment cultivated by supportive parenting was correlated with securely attached adult relationships.
There was some evidence that poor attachment in childhood were correlated with aggression towards partners as adults.

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Brain Development

Role of Brain Maturation

Brain maturation refers to the process by which the brain develops and refines its structure and function over time.
This process is sequential and hierarchical, meaning that simpler functions develop first, followed by more complex functions.
For example, the prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and impulse control, matures last, often continuing into the mid-20s.

The Role of Neurons

Both neurons and glial cells are involved in the process of maturation.
Neurons have an axon (where signals are sent), dendrites (where signals are received, and a soma (cell body).
Neurons generate electrical impulses called action potentials that run along the axon to transmit messages.

Example

The myelination of neurons, which increases the speed of neural transmission, occurs progressively from the back to the front of the brain.
This explains why children develop basic motor skills before higher-order cognitive abilities.

Note

Glial cells are involved in the protection of neurons.
They maintain homeostasis, generate myelin, aid in signal transmission, and ensure neurons get nutrients.

Note

Processes of Brain Maturation

Neurogenesis: The process by which new neurons are made. Stem cells split into progenitor cells, which become neurons or glial cells.
Cell Migration: New brain cells move to where they need to be in the brain.
Cell Differentiation: Stem cells turn into specialized cells, in this case neurons or glial cells.
Cell Maturation: Stem cells divide and turn into neurons or glial cells.
Synaptogenesis: The creation of synapses between neurons.
Cell Death: Eliminating excess neurons and synapses through apoptosis.

Case study

Johnson (2001)

Aim

To look at the current understanding of human development and to provide an overview of the process.

Method

Literature Review

Results

Brain continues developing after birth.
Most neurons are present at birth, but synaptogenesis is significant in he first year of life.
Sight fully develops by the age of 2.
There are 3 theories that explain brain development.
- Maturational Perspective: As the brain matures, cognition develops.
- Specialization Approach: As cortical areas interact, skills are developed.
- Skill-Learning Hypothesis: Certain areas of the brain are used while skills are developing, others take over once the skill is developed.

Critical Periods

Critical periods are specific windows of time during which the brain is particularly sensitive to certain environmental stimuli.
If these stimuli are absent during the critical period, normal development may be compromised.

Example

Note

Critical Thinking

How may brain development explain adolescent behaviour?
This ignores social factors of development (e.g. SLT, Vygotsky's theory)
How fixed are critical periods?

Attachment Theory

Attachment theory was established by John Bowlby in the 1950s.
He posited that the critical period to form secure attachments with others was between birth and two to three years.
Inconsistent care from parents may lead to unstable relationships in adulthood.

Case study

Simons et al. (2014)

Aim

To investigate the correlation between childhood and romantic relationships in the future

Method

Recruited participants who were taking part in a different longitudinal study and examined their data.

Results

Parenting style had some influence on the style of their children’s attachment in their romantic relationships as adults.
A secure childhood attachment cultivated by supportive parenting was correlated with securely attached adult relationships.
There was some evidence that poor attachment in childhood were correlated with aggression towards partners as adults.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

1. Concepts6 subtopics

2. Content4 subtopics

3. Contexts4 subtopics

4. Extensions (HL only)4 subtopics

IB Psychology 3.2.1 Models of Development Notes

1. Concepts6 subtopics

2. Content4 subtopics

3. Contexts4 subtopics

4. Extensions (HL only)4 subtopics

Brain Development

Role of Brain Maturation

The Role of Neurons

Critical Periods

Attachment Theory

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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Brain Development

Role of Brain Maturation

The Role of Neurons

Critical Periods

Attachment Theory

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account