Two Systems of Thinking
System 1: Intuitive Thinking
- Fast and Automatic : System 1 operates quickly and effortlessly.
- Relies on Heuristics : It uses mental shortcuts to make decisions, which can lead to biases.
- Emotionally Driven : Decisions are often influenced by emotions and past experiences.
System 2: Rational Thinking
- Slow and Deliberate : System 2 requires more time and effort.
- Analytical : It involves logical reasoning and critical thinking.
- Controlled : Decisions are made consciously , often requiring focus and self-control.
Example
- System 1: Using mental maths to solve 6 × 8
- System 2: Using the quadratic formula to solve a complicated equation.
Key Research
Case study
Kahneman and Tversky (1983)
Aim: To investigate conjunction fallacy, the false belief that two specific conditions are more likely to be true than one general belief.
Method
- Described a woman called Linda who was referred to as a social justice warrior.
- Participants were asked to decide whether Linda was a bank teller or a bank teller that was also an active feminist.
Results: Almost 90% of participants incorrectly opted for the specific yet statistically unlikely statement.
Applications and Implications
- Everyday Decision-Making
- System 1 is useful for quick decisions, such as avoiding danger.
- System 2 is essential for complex tasks, like planning a budget.
- Cognitive Biases
- Heuristics can lead to errors, such as the availability heuristic (overestimating the likelihood of events that are easily recalled).
- Understanding these biases can help improve critical thinking skills.
Example
Availability Heuristic: After seeing news about plane crashes, people may overestimate the risk of flying.
Self review
- Would answering an extended response on your psychology exam need system 1 or system 2 thinking?
