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Length contraction
Length contraction is the phenomenon where an object in motion appears shorter along the direction of motion to a stationary observer.
Proper length
Proper length ($L_0$) is the length of an object measured in the frame where the object is at rest.
Proper time
Proper time ($\Delta t_0$) is the time interval between two events measured in the frame where the events occur at the same location.
The first postulate of special relativity
The First Postulate: The Principle of Relativity
The laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames.
The second postulate of special relativity
The Second Postulate: The Constancy of the Speed of Light
The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or the observer.
Time dilation
Time dilation is the phenomenon where time passes more slowly for an observer in motion relative to a stationary observer.