A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns.
In the context of mathematics, matrices are fundamental tools used in various fields, including linear algebra, computer graphics, and data analysis.
An $m × n$ matrix has $m$ rows and $n$ columns.
The order of a matrix is always written as "rows × columns". A 2 × 3 matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns, not the other way around.
Consider the following matrix \( A \): \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 & 9 \end{bmatrix} \] This is a \(3 \times 3\) matrix (3 rows and 3 columns). The element in the second row and third column is 6.
Two matrices are considered equal if they have the same order and all corresponding elements are equal.
If \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \] and \[ B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \], then \[ A = B. \] \]
Matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted element by element.
If \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \] and \[ B = \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix}, \] then: \[ A + B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 + 5 & 2 + 6 \\ 3 + 7 & 4 + 8 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 8 \\ 10 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \]\[ A - B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 - 5 & 2 - 6 \\ 3 - 7 & 4 - 8 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -4 & -4 \\ -4 & -4 \end{bmatrix} \]
A matrix can be multiplied by a scalar (a single number) by multiplying each element of the matrix by that scalar.
If \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \] and $k = 3$, then: \[ 3A = \begin{bmatrix} 3(1) & 3(2) \\ 3(3) & 3(4) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 6 \\ 9 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \]
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