Notes for Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe - IB | RevisionDojo
Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe Notes
Changing Diplomatic Alignments in Europe
The 1930s also impacted the political alignments in Europe, with the decadence of the League of Nations and the growing affinity between Hitler and Mussolini.
The alignment between Italy and Germany also impacted Britain and France, as their power to stop aggression was severely undermined.
Hitler and MussoliniNote
The following information will be explored in more depth when you go to the events-responses section, but here you have a summary of the changes.
This can also be useful as a sort of guide if you get lost at some point in the next lessons.
Italy realigned with Germany
In 1934, Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dolfuss had asked Mussolini for help to prevent Hitler from completing the Anschluss.
At that time, Mussolini supported Austria in clear opposition to Hitler, and in 1935 signed the Stresa Front (1935) with Britain and France.
Note
The Stresa Front was an agreement formed in April 1935 between Britain, France, and Italy to oppose Nazi Germany’s rearmament and uphold the Treaty of Versailles.
It aimed to present a united front against Hitler’s violation of the treaty, especially his announcement of expanding the German army and introducing conscription in March 1935.
In October 1935 Mussolini thought he had support from the Stresa Front members and also from the League, and he invaded Abyssinia.
Nevertheless, Mussolini was dissatisfied with the international response to his move into Abyssinia, and he changed sides in favor of an approach to the Nazis.
In October 1936, in the context of German and Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War, HItler and Mussolini will sign the Rome-Berlin Axis.
Note
The Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) implied:
Alliance Formation: the Axis was a political and military understanding between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, marking the end of Italy’s cooperation with Britain and France.
Shared Ideologies: Both regimes declared that they opposed liberal democracy and communism, promoting authoritarian rule, militarism, and imperial expansion.
Common Mistake
At times, students see the Rome-Berlin Axis as the creation of the Axis, the alliance that will wage WW2.
The Rome-Berlin Axis was more of a diplomatic and ideological agreement, signaling closer cooperation between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.
It laid the foundation for future military cooperation but did not include binding military commitments at the time.
Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
Poland's Non-Aggression Pact with Germany in 1934
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Note
The Pact of Steel: A Symbol of Unity and Division
On 22 May 1939, Italy and Germany signed the Pact of Steel, formally known as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance.
This agreement had two main components:
Public Declaration: A commitment to mutual trust and cooperation.
Secret Protocol: A pledge to align military and economic policies.
NoteThe pact was initially intended to include Japan, but disagreements over its focus led to Japan's exclusion. While Japan wanted the pact to target the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany aimed it at Britain and France.
TipWhen analyzing alliances like the Pact of Steel, consider both the public and secret components. The hidden clauses often reveal the true intentions and priorities of the signatories.
