IB History Topic Economic and Social Discrimination Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Economic and Social Discrimination Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Economic and Social Discrimination

In the previous sections, you have seen how African Americans faced systemic discrimination and violence in education and lack of political rights.
For the exam, it is fundamental that you emphasize that Jim Crow laws institutionalized social and economic inequality, African Americans were excluded from quality education, healthcare, and public services across the Southern United States.
In this section, we will look at other aspects of this discrimination that complement what you have already learnt.

Discrimination in higher education

Before the 1960s, African Americans faced deep structural barriers to higher education. Most predominantly white institutions barred Black students through formal or informal segregation.
In the South, public universities were legally segregated, while in the North, exclusion persisted through admissions bias and lack of financial support.
By 1940, only about 2% of African Americans aged 18–24 were enrolled in college. This limited access meant African Americans had little exposure to advanced training, research opportunities, and professional networks, which were key for entering high-paying fields such as law, medicine, engineering, or business.
Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) provided the main route to higher education for African Americans. However, they were chronically underfunded and excluded from federal and state resources that supported white institutions.

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Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit.

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Economic and Social Discrimination

In the previous sections, you have seen how African Americans faced systemic discrimination and violence in education and lack of political rights.
For the exam, it is fundamental that you emphasize that Jim Crow laws institutionalized social and economic inequality, African Americans were excluded from quality education, healthcare, and public services across the Southern United States.
In this section, we will look at other aspects of this discrimination that complement what you have already learnt.

Discrimination in higher education

Before the 1960s, African Americans faced deep structural barriers to higher education. Most predominantly white institutions barred Black students through formal or informal segregation.
In the South, public universities were legally segregated, while in the North, exclusion persisted through admissions bias and lack of financial support.
By 1940, only about 2% of African Americans aged 18–24 were enrolled in college. This limited access meant African Americans had little exposure to advanced training, research opportunities, and professional networks, which were key for entering high-paying fields such as law, medicine, engineering, or business.
Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) provided the main route to higher education for African Americans. However, they were chronically underfunded and excluded from federal and state resources that supported white institutions.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Economic and Social Discrimination Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Economic and Social Discrimination

Discrimination in higher education

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Economic and Social Discrimination

Discrimination in higher education

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account