IB History Topic Post Rwandan Genocide: the Refugee Crisis Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Post Rwandan Genocide: the Refugee Crisis Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Post Rwandan Genocide: The Refugee Crisis

Note

Definition of a Refugee (1951 Convention)

International framework
- The most widely accepted definition of a refugee comes from the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.
UNHCR definition
- “A person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” UNHCR, 1951 Refugee Convention, Article 1(A)(2)
Key criteria
- A refugee is outside one’s country of origin with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
  • The person is unable or unwilling to return due to that fear.
Exclusions
- The definition excludes internally displaced persons (IDPs), who flee their homes but stay within their own country’s borders.
- Individuals involved in war crimes, crimes against humanity, or serious non-political crimes may also be excluded (1951 Convention, Article 1F).
Oversight
- The UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) is responsible for overseeing the application of the Convention and protecting refugee rights.

Mass exodus (1994)
1. Following the genocide, an estimated 2 to 3 million Rwandans fled within weeks.
2. UNHCR described it as “the messiest and most complex humanitarian operation in modern history.”
3. Around 850,000 refugees entered Goma (DRC) in a single day in July 1994.
Decades of displacement
1. By 1993, over 500,000 refugees (both Tutsi and Hutu) already lived in the region due to earlier conflicts.
2. Many were radicalized by exile and conflict, later joining armed groups like the RPF and Interahamwe.
Militarization of refugee camps
1. Camps in eastern Zaire (now DRC) became bases for exiled génocidaires and Hutu militias.
2. Between 1.5 and 2 million Hutu refugees fled to eastern Zaire.
3. Camps quickly turned into militarized hubs, not just humanitarian sites.

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Post Rwandan Genocide: The Refugee Crisis

Note

Definition of a Refugee (1951 Convention)

International framework
- The most widely accepted definition of a refugee comes from the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.
UNHCR definition
- “A person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” UNHCR, 1951 Refugee Convention, Article 1(A)(2)
Key criteria
- A refugee is outside one’s country of origin with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
  • The person is unable or unwilling to return due to that fear.
Exclusions
- The definition excludes internally displaced persons (IDPs), who flee their homes but stay within their own country’s borders.
- Individuals involved in war crimes, crimes against humanity, or serious non-political crimes may also be excluded (1951 Convention, Article 1F).
Oversight
- The UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) is responsible for overseeing the application of the Convention and protecting refugee rights.

Mass exodus (1994)
1. Following the genocide, an estimated 2 to 3 million Rwandans fled within weeks.
2. UNHCR described it as “the messiest and most complex humanitarian operation in modern history.”
3. Around 850,000 refugees entered Goma (DRC) in a single day in July 1994.
Decades of displacement
1. By 1993, over 500,000 refugees (both Tutsi and Hutu) already lived in the region due to earlier conflicts.
2. Many were radicalized by exile and conflict, later joining armed groups like the RPF and Interahamwe.
Militarization of refugee camps
1. Camps in eastern Zaire (now DRC) became bases for exiled génocidaires and Hutu militias.
2. Between 1.5 and 2 million Hutu refugees fled to eastern Zaire.
3. Camps quickly turned into militarized hubs, not just humanitarian sites.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Post Rwandan Genocide: the Refugee Crisis Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Post Rwandan Genocide: The Refugee Crisis

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Post Rwandan Genocide: The Refugee Crisis

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account