Political and economic impact Notes

The Political and Economic Impact of the Rwandan Genocide

The Political Impact: RPF-led Governments

1. Post-genocide stability and growth
   1. Despite the loss of 10% of the population and the displacement of over 2 million people, Rwanda has become one of Africa’s most stable nations.
   2. Since 1994, GDP has nearly tripled and the population has exceeded 13 million (World Bank, 2024).
   3. Rwanda is also a model for gender equality in political functions (see section on social impact).
2. RPF dominance and centralized power
   1. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) established a Broad-Based Government of National Unity, initially led by Hutu President Pasteur Bizimungu.
   2. However, real power resided with Vice President Paul Kagame, who by 2000 had assumed the presidency.
   3. The RPF has since maintained tight control over state institutions.
3. Restrictions on political opposition
   1. New political parties were banned until 2003, and opposition as well as ethnic identification were discouraged in the name of national unity.
   2. Critics argue this fostered authoritarianism under the guise of reconciliation.

Politics of Genocide Narratives

1. Education as a tool for unity
   1. The RPF government prioritized education as a means of promoting national unity and development.
   2. In the years following 1994, schools were reopened and curricula were revised to promote reconciliation and prevent ethnic divisions.
   3. The teaching of Rwandan history, especially about the genocide, was initially limited due to sensitivities and the risk of reigniting tensions.
2. Introduction of genocide education
   1. Around 2004–2005, formal genocide education was gradually introduced in schools to foster collective memory and awareness.
   2. A comprehensive curriculum overhaul was planned for 2016, aiming to integrate peace education, civic responsibility, and critical thinking, while emphasizing “Rwandanness” and unity beyond ethnic identity.
3. Institutionalizing memory