IB History Topic Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity

Note

Ethnic Cleansing

Definition in international context
- The term ethnic cleansing is not formally defined in international law as a standalone legal category (unlike genocide or crimes against humanity).
- However, since the 1990s, particularly during the Yugoslav wars, the United Nations has used a widely cited working definition.
UN Commission of Experts (1993) definition
- Ethnic cleansing means rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by removing persons of specific groups through force or intimidation.
- It is described as: “A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.”

Serbian crackdown (1998)
1. Serbia treated the KLA as an insurgent threat and responded with brutal military crackdowns, including massacres and forced displacements.
Growing support and ethnic violence
1. This repression fueled support for the KLA among Kosovar Albanians.
2. Ethnic cleansing affected both Albanians and Serbs, with Serbian forces displacing civilians and KLA elements attacking Serbian villages and Orthodox sites.
Human rights abuses documented
1. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International reported widespread abuses by Serbian forces: extrajudicial killings, massacres, and mass displacement.
2. HRW’s 1999 report Kosovo: The Evidence of Ethnic Cleansing estimated tens of thousands of civilians were killed or displaced.
3. According to UN data, by early 1999 more than 200,000 Kosovar Albanians had been forcibly displaced.
KLA strategy and international engagement
1. The KLA deliberately sought to provoke Serbian overreach to draw Western attention.
2. After being ignored in the Dayton Accords (1995), the KLA concluded that violence was the only path to international engagement.
Shift from Rugova’s peaceful approach

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Note

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity

Note

Ethnic Cleansing

Definition in international context
- The term ethnic cleansing is not formally defined in international law as a standalone legal category (unlike genocide or crimes against humanity).
- However, since the 1990s, particularly during the Yugoslav wars, the United Nations has used a widely cited working definition.
UN Commission of Experts (1993) definition
- Ethnic cleansing means rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by removing persons of specific groups through force or intimidation.
- It is described as: “A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.”

Serbian crackdown (1998)
1. Serbia treated the KLA as an insurgent threat and responded with brutal military crackdowns, including massacres and forced displacements.
Growing support and ethnic violence
1. This repression fueled support for the KLA among Kosovar Albanians.
2. Ethnic cleansing affected both Albanians and Serbs, with Serbian forces displacing civilians and KLA elements attacking Serbian villages and Orthodox sites.
Human rights abuses documented
1. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International reported widespread abuses by Serbian forces: extrajudicial killings, massacres, and mass displacement.
2. HRW’s 1999 report Kosovo: The Evidence of Ethnic Cleansing estimated tens of thousands of civilians were killed or displaced.
3. According to UN data, by early 1999 more than 200,000 Kosovar Albanians had been forcibly displaced.
KLA strategy and international engagement
1. The KLA deliberately sought to provoke Serbian overreach to draw Western attention.
2. After being ignored in the Dayton Accords (1995), the KLA concluded that violence was the only path to international engagement.
Shift from Rugova’s peaceful approach

Definition

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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