Background
- The Second World War profoundly transformed societies across the Americas.
- Governments mobilized entire populations for total war, changing traditional gender roles and racial dynamics.
- Economic mobilization created new opportunities for social advancement but also exposed persistent inequality.
- The war accelerated the transition toward mass society, characterized by state propaganda, social mobilization, and patriotic duty.
Definition
Economic mobilization
- During World War II, economic mobilization led to the rapid conversion of factories to produce military goods, significantly increasing wartime production
Impact on Women
- The demand for labor during wartime led to the large-scale employment of women in factories, offices, and public services.
- In the United States, millions joined the workforce under the symbol of Rosie the Riveter, representing female strength and patriotism.
- Women worked in defense industries, shipyards, and the civil service while also volunteering in Red Cross and auxiliary military branches.
- Wartime employment expanded female economic independence but remained temporary as many were forced back into domestic roles after 1945.
- In Latin America, women contributed through civil defense, charity, and nursing, with governments using propaganda to reinforce family values while recognizing women’s social participation.
Impact on Minorities
- Wartime rhetoric of democracy contrasted with ongoing racial discrimination.
- African Americans in the U.S. gained access to industrial jobs due to labor shortages, supported by the Double V Campaign (victory abroad and at home).
- Civil rights activism increased after President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, banning racial discrimination in defense industries.
