Notes for From Monarchy to Republic - IB | RevisionDojo
From Monarchy to Republic Notes
The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period of profound social and political upheaval in France, stemming from a confluence of long-term grievances and immediate catalysts.
Causes and Significance of the Revolution
The Revolution started because of economic crisis, unfair taxation, and resentment of the privileges of the First and Second Estates.
Enlightenment ideas inspired the Third Estate to demand rights, liberty, and a fairer government.
The Revolution was significant because it ended absolute monarchy, spread the idea of popular sovereignty, and challenged the traditional order across Europe.
The 1791 Constitution
This constitution created a constitutional monarchy, limiting the king’s powers.
It established the Legislative Assembly, giving more political voice to property-owning men.
While it was a step towards reform, many radicals felt it didn’t go far enough, while conservatives thought it went too far.
Fate of the Monarchy
The monarchy was weakened after Louis XVI’s failed Flight to Varennes (1791), which destroyed trust in the king.
In 1792, France declared war on Austria and Prussia, heightening fear that Louis was plotting against the Revolution.
Louis XVI was tried for treason and executed in January 1793, marking the end of monarchy and the beginning of a republic.
The Terror (1793–1794)
The Committee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre and others, took control to defend the Revolution.
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Note
The French Revolution was a monumental event that transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic. The revolution was driven by a combination of economic hardship, social inequality, and new political ideas.
The economic crisis was severe, with France facing massive debt from wars and extravagant spending.
The tax system was unfair, with the burden falling mostly on the Third Estate (common people) while the First (clergy) and Second (nobility) Estates enjoyed privileges.
Enlightenment ideas inspired people to question authority and demand rights.
Analogy
Think of the French society like a three-layer cake where the top two layers (clergy and nobility) enjoyed all the sweetness while the bottom layer (common people) supported the weight but got none of the benefits.
Example
The price of bread, a staple food, rose so high that many families spent up to 80% of their income just to buy it.
