IB History Topic Foreign Policy from Kennedy to Carter Revision Notes (HL)

IB History Topic Foreign Policy from Kennedy to Carter Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Overview and Characteristics of U.S. Foreign Policy (1961–1981)

From John F. Kennedy to Jimmy Carter, U.S. foreign policy in the Americas shifted between ideological confrontation and pragmatic diplomacy.
The main goal across administrations was to contain communism, protect U.S. economic interests, and maintain hemispheric dominance during the Cold War.
Leaders adapted their approaches: Kennedy used aid and reform, Nixon relied on covert operations and realpolitik, and Carter emphasized human rights and diplomacy.
The region experienced both cooperation and resentment as Latin American nations reacted to U.S. intervention and hypocrisy.

Definition

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance of one country over others, often seen in U.S.–Latin American relations.

Case study

The Alliance for Progress (1961)

Background and Goals

Launched by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, the Alliance for Progress was a U.S. program to strengthen ties with Latin America during the Cold War.
It aimed to reduce poverty, promote democracy, and prevent the spread of communism after the Cuban Revolution (1959) alarmed U.S. leaders.
The U.S. promised $20 billion in aid over ten years to help Latin American countries modernize their economies, improve education, and carry out land reform.
The program reflected Kennedy’s belief in modernization theory i.e. that economic growth would lead to social stability and democratic governments.

Implementation and Impact

Some early successes included infrastructure projects, education programs, and housing developments across Latin America.
However, many governments misused funds, and reforms were limited by corruption and political resistancefrom local elites.
By the late 1960s, the program failed to achieve lasting change, as inequality, poverty, and unrest persisted.
Latin Americans grew disillusioned, seeing the Alliance as a U.S. tool to maintain influence rather than a genuine partnership.

Definition

Modernization Theory

The belief that economic development and education would naturally lead to democracy and social stability.

Nixon’s Covert Operations and Chile (1969–1974)

President Richard Nixon adopted a more hardline, realist approach (realpolitik), prioritizing U.S. security and stability over democracy.

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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Overview and Characteristics of U.S. Foreign Policy (1961–1981)

From John F. Kennedy to Jimmy Carter, U.S. foreign policy in the Americas shifted between ideological confrontation and pragmatic diplomacy.
The main goal across administrations was to contain communism, protect U.S. economic interests, and maintain hemispheric dominance during the Cold War.
Leaders adapted their approaches: Kennedy used aid and reform, Nixon relied on covert operations and realpolitik, and Carter emphasized human rights and diplomacy.
The region experienced both cooperation and resentment as Latin American nations reacted to U.S. intervention and hypocrisy.

Definition

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance of one country over others, often seen in U.S.–Latin American relations.

Case study

The Alliance for Progress (1961)

Background and Goals

Launched by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, the Alliance for Progress was a U.S. program to strengthen ties with Latin America during the Cold War.
It aimed to reduce poverty, promote democracy, and prevent the spread of communism after the Cuban Revolution (1959) alarmed U.S. leaders.
The U.S. promised $20 billion in aid over ten years to help Latin American countries modernize their economies, improve education, and carry out land reform.
The program reflected Kennedy’s belief in modernization theory i.e. that economic growth would lead to social stability and democratic governments.

Implementation and Impact

Some early successes included infrastructure projects, education programs, and housing developments across Latin America.
However, many governments misused funds, and reforms were limited by corruption and political resistancefrom local elites.
By the late 1960s, the program failed to achieve lasting change, as inequality, poverty, and unrest persisted.
Latin Americans grew disillusioned, seeing the Alliance as a U.S. tool to maintain influence rather than a genuine partnership.

Definition

Modernization Theory

The belief that economic development and education would naturally lead to democracy and social stability.

Nixon’s Covert Operations and Chile (1969–1974)

President Richard Nixon adopted a more hardline, realist approach (realpolitik), prioritizing U.S. security and stability over democracy.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Foreign Policy from Kennedy to Carter Notes

Overview and Characteristics of U.S. Foreign Policy (1961–1981)

The Alliance for Progress (1961)

Nixon’s Covert Operations and Chile (1969–1974)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Overview and Characteristics of U.S. Foreign Policy (1961–1981)

The Alliance for Progress (1961)

Nixon’s Covert Operations and Chile (1969–1974)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics