The Treaty of Tordesillas
- Spain and Portugal both sought control over newly discovered lands after Columbus’s voyage.
- To avoid conflict, they asked Pope Alexander VI to mediate. He drew an imaginary line dividing the non-European world between the two powers.
- The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) moved this line further west.
- Spain received rights to territories west of the line (most of the Americas).
- Portugal received territories east of the line (Africa, Asia, and Brazil).
- This agreement gave Portugal claim to Brazil when it was discovered in 1500.
Conflicting Land Claims
- Other European powers (France, England, and the Netherlands) rejected the Treaty because they had not been included in it.
- France, led by Jacques Cartier, explored the St. Lawrence River in the 1530s and began the fur trade in North America.
- England, with voyages by John Cabot, claimed land in Newfoundland, challenging Spanish dominance.
- The Dutch later entered the competition, establishing trade routes and privateering ventures across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
The Rise of Rivalries and Piracy
- As Spain became wealthy from American silver and gold, rivals sought to share in that wealth.
- English “sea dogs” such as Francis Drake attacked Spanish treasure ships and coastal settlements.
- France and the Netherlands also sponsored piracy and exploration to undermine Spain’s monopoly.
- Tensions escalated into open warfare, most famously the Spanish Armada (1588), where England defeated Spain and ended its dominance at sea.
Impact of Rivalry on Exploration and Colonization
- Spain’s attempt to protect its monopoly on the Americas led to centuries of conflict and competition.
- The failure of Spanish control encouraged other nations to establish their own colonies.
- By the early 1600s, France was in Canada, England on the Atlantic coast, and the Dutch in the Caribbean and South America.
- The rivalry turned the Atlantic into a global arena for trade, piracy, and imperial expansion.
Hint
- Compare motives: Spain focused on colonization and conversion, while Portugal aimed for trade routes and economic control.
- Link cause and effect: The Treaty of Tordesillas led to both territorial claims and growing European conflicts.
- Use contrasts: Highlight how Iberian monopolies differed from later French and English expansion models.
Definition
Sea Dogs
English privateers who attacked Spanish ships.
Definition
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who began France’s claims in North America.
Common Mistake
- Thinking the Treaty of Tordesillas applied to all of Europe. It only involved Spain and Portugal.
- Ignoring the role of piracy and privateers in challenging Spanish control.
- Assuming Spain maintained full control until 1600, without recognizing the growing role of France and England.
Exam technique
- Always connect rivalry to exploration outcomes. Don’t just describe events, explain how they fueled colonization.
- Name explorers and powers – e.g., Cartier (France), Cabot (England), Drake (England).
- Balance perspective : Spain/Portugal dominance vs. the rise of France/England/Dutch challenges.
Case study
The Spanish Armada (1588)
- Causes of conflict
- Spain and England were rivals for both political and religious reasons. Spain’s King Philip II was Catholic, while England under Queen Elizabeth I was Protestant.
- Elizabeth supported Protestant rebels in the Netherlands (who were fighting Spanish rule) and allowed English privateers like Francis Drake to attack Spanish treasure fleets returning from the Americas.
- These actions angered Philip and convinced him to plan an invasion of England.
- The Armada itself
- Philip sent a huge fleet of around 130 ships and 30,000 men, called the “Invincible Armada.” The plan was to sail from Spain, link up with the Spanish army in the Netherlands, and invade England.
- Why it failed
- English naval tactics : English ships were smaller, faster, and carried long-range guns that damaged the heavy Spanish galleons.
- Poor planning and communication : The Armada struggled to coordinate with Spanish forces in the Netherlands.
- Weather (“Protestant Wind”) : Strong storms scattered and wrecked many Spanish ships as they tried to retreat around Scotland and Ireland.
- Consequences
- Spain still had a powerful empire, but the Armada’s defeat shattered the idea that Spain was unbeatable at sea.
- England’s survival boosted national pride and gave Elizabeth’s government confidence to support further overseas ventures.
- In the longer term, it encouraged England to expand exploration and colonization, laying the groundwork for later settlements in North America.
Self review
- Examine the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas for European rivalry in the Americas.
- To what extent did exploration and piracy contribute to the rise of France and England as colonial powers by 1600?
- Evaluate the impact of conflicting European land claims on indigenous peoples of the Americas.
