Notes for Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's nature and extent of the opposition - IB | RevisionDojo
Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's nature and extent of the opposition Notes
The Edelweiss Pirates defied Nazi youth control through street fights, anti-regime graffiti, and sheltering army deserters, facing brutal reprisals for their defiance.
Political Opposition
After 1933, the KPD and SPD were banned, their leaders arrested, exiled, or forced underground. Remaining members engaged in small-scale resistance such as distributing leaflets, but these efforts were fragmented and dangerous.
Former SPD members formed the SOPADE network abroad, smuggling anti-Nazi literature into Germany and reporting on domestic conditions to the Allies.
Communist resistance cells existed in industrial regions like the Ruhr, but most were broken up quickly by the Gestapo.
Even minor acts of defiance, such as refusing the Hitler salute, could lead to arrest or dismissal from employment.
Political resistance remained small-scale and had little ability to coordinate nationally.
Church Resistance
The Catholic Centre Party was dissolved in 1933 after the Reichskonkordat agreement, but some clergy later protested Nazi policies, particularly euthanasia and interference in religious life.
Figures like Bishop von Galen publicly condemned the T4 euthanasia programme in 1941, forcing its temporary suspension.
The Protestant Confessing Church, led by pastors like Martin Niemöller and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, opposed attempts to Nazify the church through the pro-Nazi German Christians movement.
Church opposition was moral and issue-specific rather than aiming to overthrow the regime.
Religious resistance provided some of the most visible public challenges to Nazi policies, but it was tolerated only when it did not threaten overall political control.
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After Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the Nazi regime swiftly moved to eliminate political opposition. The KPD (Communist Party of Germany) and SPD (Social Democratic Party) were banned, their leaders arrested, exiled, or forced underground. Remaining members engaged in small-scale resistance such as distributing leaflets, but these efforts were fragmented and dangerous.
