The Balkan conflicts of the 1990s were a series of violent wars that followed the breakup of Yugoslavia.
They were fueled by
Ethnic nationalism
The collapse of communist rule
Economic hardship
Ambitions of political leaders
These wars included
The Slovenian Ten-Day War (1991)
The Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
The Bosnian War (1992–1995)
The Kosovo War (1998–1999)
Reasons for the Conflicts
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe removed the authoritarian structures that had kept Yugoslavia’s ethnic tensions in check.
Economic crisis in the 1980s undermined unity and fueled resentment.
Ethnic nationalism surged, with each republic’s leaders prioritizing their own group’s independence or dominance.
Weak central authority after the death of Josip Broz Tito (1980)
Milošević’s Serbian nationalism heightened tensions with Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo.
International recognition of breakaway states (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia) without a peace framework.
Key Developments
Slovenia (1991)
Brief Ten-Day War
Minimal casualties
Slovenia gained independence quickly.
Croatia (1991–1995)
Fighting between Croat forces and ethnic Serb militias backed by the Yugoslav People’s Army
Ended with Croatian victory.
Bosnia (1992–1995)
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The Balkan conflicts of the 1990s were a series of violent wars that followed the breakup of Yugoslavia. These conflicts were fueled by ethnic nationalism, the collapse of communist rule, economic hardship, and the ambitions of political leaders. The major wars included the Slovenian Ten-Day War (1991), the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995), the Bosnian War (1992–1995), and the Kosovo War (1998–1999).