IB History What Led to the Emergence of Protest Movements? Key Definitions

A wave of pro-democracy uprisings that swept across the Middle East and North Africa beginning in late 2010. Starting with Tunisia's revolution, it spread to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain and other countries. Outcomes varied widely, from democratic transitions to civil wars and restored authoritarianism.

A system of government where power is concentrated in a single leader or small group, with limited political freedoms, restricted media, and little accountability to the population. In Egypt, authoritarian rule persisted from the 1952 Free Officers' coup through Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak, and was restored under el-Sisi after 2013.

State feminism refers to the use of women's rights legislation and rhetoric by an authoritarian regime to project a democratic, modern image to Western governments while maintaining repressive control over civil society. The regime promotes gender equality selectively, as a form of legitimacy, rather than as a genuine commitment to political freedom.

UGTT (Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail) is Tunisia's main trade union federation, founded in 1946. It was the country's largest and most influential civil society organization throughout the post-independence period, spanning both the Bourguiba and Ben Ali eras.