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Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
Leader of the Guomindang and the Republic of China from 1928 until his death in 1975. Jiang unified China under GMD rule through the Northern Expedition, suppressed the CCP after 1927, and led China's resistance to Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War. His failure to carry out land reform, his reliance on corrupt local elites, and his military missteps in the Civil War (including the defection of key commanders) contributed to the GMD's defeat. He retreated to Taiwan in 1949 and governed the Republic of China there until his death.
Mao Zedong Thought
The ideological system attributed to Mao Zedong, combining Marxism-Leninism with Chinese revolutionary experience. Key elements include: the primacy of the peasantry rather than the industrial proletariat as the revolutionary class; protracted people's war; the mass line as the method of party organisation; and the use of ideology to overcome material disadvantage. Mao Zedong Thought was adopted as the guiding ideology of the CCP in 1945 and remains enshrined in the Chinese constitution.